Table Info

Table 1.

Different characteristics of biomarkers in liquid biopsy

Biomarker	Technique	Application
CTC	CTC CellSearch™ (Veridex LLC) utilizes ferroparticles and antibodies directed to epithelial targets (EpCAM)	Provide RNAs, DNA and proteins for cancer diagnosis and profiling; give information about progression and metastasis
ctDNA and cfDNA	PCR, dPCR, ddPCR, gripper-based peptide acid-based PCR test. PNA Taqman dosage, microspheres, BEAMing, NGS	High sensitivity (one of the highest) for detection of early lung cancer; information about the presence of mutated genes correlates to poor prognosis
Exosome	Isolation by physical or biological properties; MACS; immune-mediated isolation; sucrose gradient method; ultracentrifugation; after isolation, PCR used to separate the RNA and proteins	Important in early diagnosis and prognosis; information about tumor’s biologic profile, growth rate, metastatic capacity and drug resistance; potential vehicle for therapies
TEP	Extraction of tumor biomolecules and nucleic acids (RNAs)	Give large amount of genetic material (RNA and DNA); diagnosis of lung cancer; treatment monitoring

Declarations

Author contributions

AMC and MS drafted the article. AMC, AL, AG, MR, AO and MB contributed in formatting the manuscript. MC and MB revised the final version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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