Table Info

Table 4.

Biological evaluation of Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels against several cancer cell lines

N	Parts of the plant	Solvents	Concentration	Type of cancer	Major finding	Reference
1	Partially ripe fruit skin	Methanol	50 μL of 100% or 10% extract	Cervical	Inhibition of growth was seen at 14.4% (HeLa) and 11.8% (SiHa) at a concentration of 40%, and at 30.3% and 23.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 80% of the extract.	[64]
2	-	-	-	Colorectal	Extract was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation of HT-29 cell lines. After treatment, there was also a notable shift in the intended gene expression ratio (Bax:Bcl-2).	[65]
3	Seeds	-	25 mg/kg body weight (b.wt). per day	Stomach	Groups significantly increased phase II detoxifying enzymes and inhibited lipid per oxidation in the stomach, leading to a decrease in tumor incidence, tumor burden, and cumulative number of gastric carcinomas.	[66]
4	Fruits	Chloroform	0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5 μg/mL	Ovary	More than 90% cell cytotoxicity was seen with quercetin and gallic acid at concentrations of 2.5 μg/mL and higher, but oleanolic acid was only modestly effective up to 5 μg/mL in a serial dilution.	[67]
5	Leaves	Ethyl acetate, methanol, aqueous	31.25, 62.25, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL	Cervical	The IC₅₀ values for ethyl acetate (350 μg/mL), methanol (378 μg/mL), and aqueous (360 μg/mL), respectively, ranged from moderately toxic to non-toxic (no effect).	[3]
6	Leaves, pulp, and seeds	Ethanol	100 μL	Breast	Seeds, leaves, and pulps all had IC₅₀ values of 613, 660, and 732 μg/mL, respectively.	[68]
7	Pulp, seeds	Ethanol	12.5–200 μg/mL	Lung	Hydrolysate pulp exhibited potent antiproliferative action with an IC₅₀ value of 59 μg/mL ± 4 μg/mL. The hydrolyzed seed extract was the most effective on cell proliferation (IC₅₀ = 38 μg/mL ± 3 μg/mL at P < 0.05).	[69]
8	-	Methanol	10, 20, and 40 μg/mL	Oral	The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line was cytotoxic after the treatment, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) buildup was generated. This therapy also triggered apoptosis-related morphological alterations and the extirpation of phosphatidylserine in OSCC cells. Protein and gene expression of cadherin-1 were also boosted by the treatments.	[70]
9	Seeds	Ethanol	-	Ovary, lung	The IC₅₀ value for the A2780 (ovarian cancer) cell line was 49 μg/mL, whereas that for the H460 (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cell line was 165 μg/mL. The IC₅₀ values for flavopiridol (positive control) ranged from 0.06 μg/mL to 0.08 μg/mL across all cell lines.	[71]
10	Seeds	Ethanol	125 mg/kg b.wt. per day for each animal	Skin	Compared to the carcinogen control group, the average latency duration was likewise significantly lengthened in the extract treatment group (pre-group—11.1 weeks; post group—10.9 weeks).	[72]
11	-	Hexane, chloroform, ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous	-	Leukemia	Based on the data, the ethanolic extract inhibits human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells at a lower concentration than the other extracts (LC₅₀ = 81 μg/mL) but at a higher concentration than the pure compounds [b-sitosterol (LC₅₀ = 55.0 g/mL), and kaempferol 7-O-methylether (LC₅₀ = 48.0 μg/mL)], with 91.71% and 100% inhibition, respectively.	[73]
12	Bark	Methanolic	25, 50, and 75 mg/kg per day	Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)	Extract significantly inhibited EAC cell proliferation (71.08% ± 3.53%; P < 0.001), reduced tumor burden (69.50%; P < 0.01) and increased the life duration (73.13%; P < 0.001) of EAC-bearing mice at 75 mg/kg per day.	[74]
13	Leaves	Ethanol	-	Breast	T47D breast cancer cell line showed the highest cytotoxic activity, with 69% growth inhibition being the best result.	[75]
14	Seeds	Aqueous	250 mg/kg b.wt. per day	Skin	When compared to the carcinogen-treated control group, whose tumor incidence was determined to be 100%, the mice showed a considerable drop to 37.5%, 50%, and 25%, respectively.	[76]
15	Seeds	Methanol	10, 20, and 40 μg/mL	Hepatocellular carcinoma	The cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells was significantly increased by treatment with the extract, and this increase was concentration dependent.	[77]
16	Fruits	-	-	Breast	Significant reductions in tumor incidence (65%), tumor load (313 mm³), and tumor multiplicity (1.8 tumors/rat) compared to controls. This treatment also considerably delayed the initial tumor emergence by 21 days.	[78]
17	Unripe fruit pulp	Ethanol	-	Colorectal adenocarcinoma	When evaluated against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2), the methanolic extract of unripe fruit seeds demonstrated the highest anticancer activity at the highest concentration (1,000 μg/mL), with an IC₅₀ value of 30.93.	[79]
18	Seeds	Methanol	-	-	50 mg/kg (i.p.) reduced 67.36% (P < 0.01) of cell proliferation in EAC cells on day six of incubation.	[80]
19	Fruits	Methanol, aqueous	-	Lung	The extract, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL.	[81]

-: not applicable; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein

Declarations

Author contributions

MDA: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. HAH: Writing—review & editing, Data curation.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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