Anticancer activity of FD

S/NMethodsSolventPlant partsConcentrationMajor findingsReference
1In vivoLeaves250 and 500 mg/kgAdministration of F. deltoidea leaf extract considerably decreased the size of the oral ulcer. Compared to the 250 mg/kg extract, the 500 mg/kg extract showed a larger proportion of the inhibitory oral ulcer area. According to the study’s findings, F. deltoidea extract can hasten the healing of oral ulcers, making it a potential therapeutic agent[124]
2Hot aqueousLeaves0.125 mg/mLTreatment with F. deltoidea leaf extract effectively inhibited alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced melanin formation in a dose-dependent manner comparable to that of kojic acid. The extract decreased mushroom tyrosinase activity as well as B16F1 intracellular tyrosinase activity[125]
3In vivoEthanolicLeaves25, 125, and 250 mg/kg BWAfter the treatment period, a substantial decrease at P < 0.05 in testosterone, FSH, and LH levels was found, but a significant increase at P < 0.05 in progesterone and estrogen levels was found in extract-treated groups compared to the control group[117]
4In vivoFD extract significantly reduced the incidence of OSCC in the high-dose group from 100% to 14.3%. Cellular adhesion-enhancing antibodies, such as β-catenin and E-cadherin antibodies were found to have been dramatically downregulated in tumours treated with the FD extract, according to immunohistochemistry examination[16]
5MTTHot aqueousLeavesAs shown by the appearance of apoptotic bodies, fragmentation, cell blebbing, and shrinkage, the crude and its active fraction caused cell decrease through apoptotic machinery[122]
6In vitro and in vivoEthanolLeaves12.5%, 25%, and 50% w/vMice infected with AOM/DSS had lower levels of alpha-catenin in their colons, which was inhibited by the FD ethanol extract. The extract also inhibited HCT 116 with an IC50 value of 5.41 mg/mL[113]
7In vivoMethanol and aqueousLeavesExtracts of methanol and water inhibited microvessel outgrowth with IC50 values of 48.2 and 62.7 g/mL, respectively[126]
8MTTHexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and waterLeaves0–500 μg/mLThe ethyl acetate extracts exhibited antiproliferative properties in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB 231), and human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116) cells with an IC50 value of 100 μg/mL and moderate anti-proliferative properties in hepatocellular carcinoma 1937 (HCC 1937) cells with IC50 values of 150–200 μg/mL[12]
9MTT70% MethanolLeavesNo anticancer activity was observed[10]
10MTTAqueousLeaves1–100 μg/mLThe cancer cell line was the most sensitive to the extract, with an IC50 value of 93.11 μg/mL. Therefore, the results suggested that there might be a link between antioxidant activity and bioactive markers in the prostate cancer cell line (DU145)[30]
11Methanol30 μg/mLNuclear DNA fragmentation indicated that the extracts caused cell death through apoptosis (P < 0.05). There was also a significant uptick in MMP depolarization (P < 0.05) and caspases 3 and 7 activations (P < 0.05) in PC3 and LNCaP cell lines[8]
12MTT and trypan blue exclusionAqueous1,000, 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.00001, 0.000001, and 0.0000001 μg/mLHuman prostate cancer cells and normal fibroblast cells are killed at 1 × 103 (μg/mL) dose. The extracts altered the cells’ morphology; they were uneven, disconnected, and floated aimlessly in the liquid[127]
13MTTAqueous, and ethanolic0–1,000 μg/mLThe IC50 was determined to be 224.39 μg/mL in aqueous extract and 143.03 μg/mL in ethanolic extract, respectively. The DNA fragmentation was only seen in the ethanolic extract (1,000 μg/mL) but not in the water-based extract, and about 200 kbp of DNA was lost in the shattering. The morphological analysis showed that apoptotic bodies were present at 1,000 μg/mL of both extracts[114]
14MTTMethanolLeaves and fruits50 mg/kg BW/dayThe FD leaf extract was shown to be more effective than the fruit extract in its cytotoxic activity against the HL-60 cell line[115]