Antimicrobial activity of FD

S/NBiological evaluationMethodsSolventPlant partsConcentrationsMajor findingsReference
1AntibacterialSpread plate techniquePhysiological salineRhizosphere100 μLAntibacterial tests showed that 61.8% of all isolates were wrought to B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. coli, the tested bacteria[54]
2Agar dilution methodPetroleum ether chloroform methanol waterLeaves1–128 mg/L and 1,024 mg/LAt 12 mm, the ethanolic extract inhibits Helicobacter pylori the most, while the aqueous extract has on activity[55]
3DiscHexane, ethyl acetate and methanolLeavesThe MIC against E. coli is 230, and B. subtilis and S. aureus are 380 and 460 μg/mL, respectively[56]
4Disc80% EthanolAccording to research, plants have a dynamic ability as pharmaco therapeutic agents[57]
5Disc diffusionChloroform, methanol and aqueous0, 20, and 50 mg/mLThe methanol extract inhibited S. aureus growth significantly, forming a 15.7 mm wide inhibition zone with a minimum inhibitory dose of 3.125 mg/mL[52]
6Broth micro dilution, MIC, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)Distilled waterLeaves and stem oil0.08–10 mg/mLThe oils inhibited all microorganisms tested moderately to strongly, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.63 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL[58]
7Micro dilutionMethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanolLeaves0.01–100 mg/mLThe leaves extract inhibited S. aureus more effectively than MRSA. Even though chloroform and methanol extracts of 100 mg/mL inhibited S. aureus by 20% and 16%, respectively, they did not affect MRSA[1]
8Disk diffusion and MICHexane, ethyl acetate and methanolLeaves (lupeol)Lupeol is more sensitive to S. aureus than E. coli and more sensitive to B. subtilis than other antibiotics, according to the antibacterial activity test. The MICs of E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, respectively, were 150, 220, and 130 g/mL[9]
9MIC70% MethanolLeaves31.26–125 mg/LThe plant extract failed to grow Edwardsiella tarda, E. coli, Flavobacterium sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae at a dose of 31.26 mg/L. At a dosage of 62.5 mg/L, the plant extract inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., and Vibrio alginolyticus. The plant extract suppresses the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a dose of 125 mg/L[10]
10DiscEthanolicLeavesInhibition of 10–12 mm was found against the tested bacterial strains[50]
11MethanolLeaves20 μL (10 mg/mL)The extracts were found to inhibit all tested bacterial strains, with the highest inhibition against B. subtilis at 12 mm[51]
12Diffusion methodn-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolLeavesThe outcomes demonstrated the presence of nonpolar, semipolar, and polar antibacterial chemicals in the leaf extract. With a concentration of 15% and a clear zone diameter of 22.33 mm, B. substilis bacteria were the most harmed by the hexane extract. This level of inhibition is really strong[59]
13Diffusion methodMethanolLeavesThe leaves’ methanolic extract inhibits the development of all investigated bacterial strains with MIC values of 1% for S. aureus, 0.7% for S. epidermis, 0.8% for S. aeruginosa, and 0.7% for E. coli[60]
14AntibacterialDiscEthanolLeavesDiverse species of F. exhibited weak in vitro antibacterial activity against Citrobacter (C.) freundii isolated from locally infected Anguilla anguil-la L[61]
15Methanol and aqueousLeaves and stemsBased on the results, leaf extracts of the two types could inhibit the development of all three bacteria, with a minimum inhibition concentration of 25 mg/mL. At a minimal inhibitory dose of 100 mg/mL, the stem aqueous extracts revealed inhibition zones against P. aureginosa and S. aureus. However, no inhibition zone was found in the stem methanol extracts[62]
16AntifungalDiscAqueousLeaves5, 10, 15, and 20% (v/v)The mycelia growth of Ganoderma boninense and Rhizoctonia solani was strongly reduced by extracts of F. deltoidea at all concentrations of more than 10%. F. deltoidea reveals the presence of one or more secondary metabolites that have antifungal properties[63]
17DiscPhysiological salineRhizosphereThe antifungal test revealed that 64.8% of the isolates were antifungal against four strains of Fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans, and Colletotrichum capsicus[54]
18DiscChloroform, methanol and aqueousLeaves10, 20, and 50 mg/mLAll concentrations inhibited the growth of the tested strain[52]
19MIC and MFCLeavesExtracts tested positive for antifungal activity against Candida albicans at MIC and MFC levels of 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The extract of 69.5% inhibited Candida biofilm development[53]
20Anti-plasmodiaSchizont maturation inhibition assayPetroleum ether and ethanolLeaves1,000 μg/mLCrude hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts have an IC50 of more than 50 μg/mL, whereas petroleum ether leaf extracts have a low IC50 of about 26 μg/mL[64]