Antioxidant activities of FD

Serial number (S/N)MethodsSolventPlant partsConcentrationsMajor findingsReference
1DPPH, FRAPMethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanolLeaves25–400 μg/MlMethanol extract has the strongest scavenging activity. The radical scavenging effect of the methanol extract appeared to be comparable to that of ascorbic acid at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, while the reducing power of all extracts was concentration dependent[1]
2DPPHAqueousLeaves and fruits250, 125, 62.5, and 31.3 μg/mLThe leaves and fruits of var deltoidea demonstrated the maximum radical scavenging activity (82.04 and 71.43 per cent, respectively) in the DPPH experiment[21]
3DPPH, FRAPMethanolLeaves100 μLDPPH radical scavenging activity revealed a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 66.81–288.04 μg/mL and reduced power activity at 0.02–0.24 μg/mL[22]
4DPPHMethanolLeaves100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 ppmThe extract of the leaves has antioxidant activity at IC50 = 72.47 μg/mL[23]
5DPPHLeavesIn a DPPH experiment, the aqueous extract of female F. deltoidea leaves has an IC50 value of 29 μg/mL, while the aqueous extract of male leaves has an IC50 value of 40.1 μg/mL[24]
6DPPH, FRAPEthanol, aqueousFruitsRegarding DPPH radical scavenging activities, the extract’s IC50 values ranged from 13.5 to 79.3 μg/mL. The extracts’ ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ revealed that almost all of them have significant reducing power. The FRAP values of the extracts ranged from 1.1 to 9.72 mmol/g, respectively[25]
7DPPH, FRAPHot and cold aqueousLeavesDPPH 40 μL and FRAP 200 μLIn terms of radical scavenging assay, the cold aqueous extract has the highest percentage of inhibition at 46.77, while FRAP has a similar percentage at 93.69[26]
8DPPHHot aqueousLeaves100 μLThe amount of total phenolic and radical scavenging activity has a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.65–0.76). According to the research, the F. deltoidea leaf can provide phenolic antioxidants[27]
9DPPH, lipid peroxidation, scavenging, FRAP, total antioxidant capacity assaysMethanolLeaves100 mLAll the methods exhibited good activity, with DPPH presenting the IC50 value at 14.1 μg/mL[28]
10DPPH, FRAPMethanol, ethanolLeaves40 μLWhile ethanol extraction had the highest total antioxidant activity (DPPH) (4.48 mg TE/g FW), methanol extraction had the highest total antioxidant activity (FRAP) (2.43 mg TE/g FW)[29]
11DPPHAqueousLeaves1–100 μg/mLThe results showed that the extract was most effective at getting rid of free radicals with an IC50 of 0.039 mg/mL[30]
12DPPH70% methanolLeaves5 μLOnly about 30% of DPPH could be inhibited at the highest possible dose of the plant extract[10]
13FRAP, DPPHHexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, waterLeaves10 μL and 0–2,000 μg/mLAt the activities of FRAP (6–9 mmol Fe2+/g), ABTS (2.0–3.0 mmol TE/g), and DPPH (EC50: 200–410 μg/mL), methanolic leaf extract had the highest antioxidants[12]
14DPPHMethanol, ethanol, aqueousLeaves1 and 100 μg/mLThe ethanolic extract had the lowest IC50 value, followed by the methanolic extract (22 μg/mL) and the aqueous extract (23 μg/mL) on the graph of percentage inhibition against sample concentration[31]
15DPPHWater and ethyl acetateLeaves100 μLAntioxidant potency is measured by the darkening of the reaction mixture in the DPPH assay. Because both types inhibited at least half of the radicals, they were considered equal[7]
16DPPHMethanolLeaves and stems100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 μg/mL, respectivelyCompared with stem extract, the IC50 of leaf extract exhibits a considerable antioxidant activity (34 and 39 μg/mL extract) based on the radical scavenging activity[32]
17Hydrolysed proteinThe hydrolysed protein fractions were shown to be more effective at removing ROS than the un-hydrolysed fractions. Only the protein hydrolysates of 30 and 100 kDa revealed significant variations in radical scavenging capabilities based on a one-way analysis of variance[19]
18DPPHHexane, chloroform and methanolFruits0.75–5.0 μg/mLThe 250 μg/mL of methanol extract and 125 μg/mL of chloroform extract were both able to get rid of more than 50% of free radicals. All extracts were very good at fighting free radicals[33]
19AqueousLeaves500 mg/kgIn addition to reducing the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the rats’ organs, the F. deltoidea leaf extract also increased glutathione (GSH) and CAT activity while decreasing total cholesterol (TC) levels in their blood. Only the rats’ hearts and kidneys were shown to have increased GSH activity[34]
20DPPHn-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolLeaves7.81–1,000 μg/mLAccording to a new study, the IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging activity was 129.27 μg/mL for the methanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves as a viable natural antioxidant for medicinal usage[35]
21The F. deltoidea extract may be useful in anti-photoaging cosmetics because it protects against ultraviolet radiation b (UVB)-induced skin damage[36]
22DPPHAqueousLeaves and fruits250, 125, 62.5, and 31.3 μg/mLIncreases in extract concentration from 31.3 μg/mL to 250 μg/mL increase inhibition[37]
23MethanolLeaves and stems50 μLCrushed leaf and stem extracts from female and male F. deltoidea plants showed considerable antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. After the female stem and leaf were extracted, the maximum antioxidant activity was found to be in the female leaf extract (fraction 51), followed by the female leaf extract (fraction 8), and the male leaf extract (fraction 35)[38]
24DPPHHot aqueousFruits25–1,000 μg/mLThe extracts and fractions found the maximum antioxidant activity and phenolic content, with a total of 121.62 mg/g extracts[18]
25DPPHLeavesThe IC50 of the isolated compounds is 92.5 μM for vitexin and 115.4 μM for isovitexin[39]
26DPPHMethanolLeaves20 μLAll species were recorded to be significantly active[40]
27DPPH, superoxide anion scavenging activityMethanolLeavesDivergent radical scavenging activities (P < 0.05) were seen between alcoholic and aqueous extracts of different plant varieties. Both extract types showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging models[17]
28DPPHMethanolFresh leaves, senescent leaves, unripe fruits, ripe fruits and stems100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 ppmIn terms of antioxidant activity, senescent leaves at 34.1 had the greatest IC50 values, followed by fresh leaves at 34.4, matured fruits at 39.4, unripe fruits at 50.2, and stems at 126.1 ppm, respectively[41]
29AqueousThe antioxidant activity of F. deltoidea extract was determined by HPLC with online antioxidant analysis. This showed that the flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins accounted for 85% of the overall antioxidant activity of the aqueous F. deltoidea infusion[20]