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From: Perspectives of traditional Chinese medicine to patch up immune checkpoint blockers

Table 2. Selected TCMs with anti-VEGF, anti-HIF, and other actions

Compound/preparation	TCM herb	Mode of action	*In vitro*	*In vivo*	Cancer	Year	Ref.
Ginsenoside	Panax ginseng	Anti-VEGF	+	+	Breast cancer	2017	[60]
Tanshinone IIA	Salvia miltiorrhiza	Anti-VEGF	+		NSCLC	2015	[14]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Anti-VEGF		+	Glioma	2017	[61]
Balcalein	Scutellaria baicalensis	Anti-VEGF	+	+	NSCLC	2016	[62]
Formononectin	Astragalus membranaceus	Anti-VEGF		+	Breast cancer	2015	[13]
Codonolactone	Atractylodes lancea	Anti-VEGF	+	+	Breast cancer	2015	[12]
Timosaponin AIII	Anemarrhena asphodeloides	Anti-VEGF	+	+	Various	2020	[63]
Pien Tze Huang	Mixture of TCM herbs	Anti-VEGF	+		CRC	2016	[64]
Ginsenoside	Panax ginseng	Anti-HIF^*	+	+	Ovarian cancer	2014	[65]
Pien Tze Huang	Mixture of TCM herbs	Anti-HIF^*	+		Colon	2014	[66]
Bufalin	Chensu	Anti-HIF^*		+	HCC	2016	[67]
Kanglaite injection	Semen coicis	Anti-HIF^*		+	Lung cancer	2018	[57]
Yi Ai Fang	From 5 TCM herbs	Anti-HIF^*		+	CRC	2016	[68]
Pien Tze Huang	Mixture of TCM herbs	↓cancer stem cells	+		CRC	2016	[69]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Cancer prevention	+		CRC	2013	[70]
Total glycosides of paeony	Paeoniae radix alba	Autoimmunity control	+		↓adverse effects of ICBs^*	2020	[48]
Astragalus polysaccharides	Astragalus membranaceus	Enhance Immunity		+	General purpose	2015	[71]
Astragalus polysaccharides	Astragalus membranaceus	Enhance tissue repair		+	General purpose	2018	[72]

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The mode “anti-VEGF” is actually closely related to “anti-HIF”, as hypoxia may lead to increased angiogenesis; thus these two categories may overlap; CRC: colorectal cancer; Ref.: reference; “+”: yes; “↓”: reduction of

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