**: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Declarations
Author contributions
SC: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. RJ: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft. MF and IS: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MD: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
The “From scrolling to spiraling: exploring the mediation role of self-esteem between social media rumination and internalizing symptoms” study was approved by Northern Illinois University’s Institutional Review Board. The reference number is: #HS25-0064. The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent to participate
Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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