Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases

Table 3. Descriptive statistics for primary study variables (N = 105).

Variable	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Reference range
HRV parameters
SDNN (ms)	72.4	18.6	31.2	128.7	35–141.8
RMSSD (ms)	48.3	14.2	18.9	97.4	19.1–133.2
MHRR (beats/min)	16.8	5.4	7.2	31.6	8.6–37.2
Normalized coherence (%)	58.4	16.3	22.1	91.7	50–100
Stress and pain
PSS-14 total	22.6	5.8	9	38	0–56
Pain intensity (0–10)	5.8	2.1	0	10	—
Multi-site pain burden	2.9	1.6	0	7	—
Pain impact on lifestyle (0–5)	3.1	1.2	0	5	—
Postural variables
FHP index (cm)	4.2	1.8	0.5	9.1	< 2.5 cm normal
Thoracic kyphosis angle (°)	48.6	9.3	28.4	71.2	< 40° normal
Postural awareness score	2.4	0.9	1	5	—
Sedentary behavior
Daily seated hours	8.6	1.9	4.5	13.2	—
Weekly exercise hours	2.1	1.8	0	9.5	—

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FHP: forward head posture; HRV: heart rate variability; PSS-14: Perceived Stress Scale-14; RMSSD: root mean square of successive differences; SDNN: standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1007128_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

AL: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. BL: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this research. Adrian Low is a HeartMath-certified practitioner; this certification did not influence the design, conduct, analysis, or interpretation of the study. The HeartMath Institute had no involvement in this research.

Ethical approval

The Heart Rate Variability and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hong Kong Association of Psychology (Approval No. HKAP-20251015-001, approved October 15, 2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.

Consent to publication

Informed consent to publication was obtained from relevant participants. All participants provided written informed consent for the publication of de-identified aggregated data derived from their participation in the study. No individually identifiable information is included in this manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to participant confidentiality terms stipulated in the ethics approval but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request, subject to the participant consent terms.

Funding

This research received no external or internal funding or financial support.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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