Exploration of Musculoskeletal Diseases

Table 3. Operational checklist for clinical infrared thermography (IACT/AAT).

Domain	Mandatory (minimum for clinical validity)	Recommendation—good practices
Environment	Stable temperature (ΔT ≤ 1.0°C); absence of drafts; non-reflective surfaces	Natural convection < 0.2 m/s; relative humidity < 70%; continuous recording of temperature and relative humidity using a calibrated thermo-hygrometer.
Room temperature	20–24°C (adjusted to the region under evaluation)	20–21°C for inflammatory processes; 22–24°C for extremities
Relative humidity	Controlled; avoid sweating/condensation	50–60% as the comfort zone
Acclimatization	≥ 15 min, target area exposed throughout the entire period	20 min if ambient temperature is > 21°C; repeated series for medicolegal purposes
Equipment	Emissivity ε = 0.98; NEDT/NETD ≤ 80 mK (AAT: ≤ 50 mK); resolution ≥ 19,200 pixels	Annual calibration check; reference blackbody when available
Acquisition	Perpendicular positioning; symmetric bilateral views; identical scales between views	Fixed tripod; standardized distance; discrete anatomical markers
Patient	No creams/oils; no exercise on the day of the exam; no TENS/EMS/ultrasound in the previous 24 h	Avoid caffeine/nicotine for 4 h; withhold vasoactive/opioid medications for > 24 h (when clinically safe)
Documentation	Record temperature and relative humidity, acclimatization time, distance, and task/stress protocol	Standardized template plus checklist signed by the operator

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AAT: American Academy of Thermology; IACT: International Academy of Clinical Thermology; ΔT: temperature difference; EMS: electrical muscle stimulation; NEDT: noise-equivalent temperature difference; TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary materials for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1007122_sup_1.pdf; and https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1007122_sup_2.xlsx.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

João Alberto de Souza Ribeiro acknowledges the Library Division of the University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (USP/ESALQ), for technical support in bibliographic retrieval and access to scientific databases, and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior; Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education) for institutional academic support.

Author contributions

JASR: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. LAG: Investigation, Writing—review & editing. Both authors approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study relied exclusively on secondary bibliographic metadata from commercial databases. No individual-level clinical data or personal identifiers were collected. In line with standard practice for revision studies using non-personal data, ethics committee approval was not required. The study was conducted in accordance with principles of scientific integrity, transparency and reproducibility, and in compliance with the database terms of use.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Analysis scripts are available at Zenodo (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18988677) and in the GitHub repository (https://github.com/joaotakotsubo/emd_prisma_pipeline - release v1.0.0). Subscription database exports cannot be shared due to licensing restrictions; full search strategies are provided in Supplementary materials (1007122_sup_1).

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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