TY  - JOUR
T1  - Gastrointestinal disorders as immune-related adverse events
A1  - Balducci, Daniele
A1  - Quatraccioni, Claudia
A1  - Benedetti, Antonio
A1  - Marzioni, Marco
A1  - Maroni, Luca
Y1  - 2021///
KW  - Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
KW  - programmed cell death 1
KW  - programmed cell death-ligand 1
KW  - immune checkpoint
KW  - gastrointestinal toxicity
JF  - Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy
SP  - 174
EP  - 186
DO  - 10.37349/etat.2021.00039
N2  - Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibitors, programmed cell death 1 inhibitors and programmed cell death-ligand 1 inhibitors, have recently emerged as novel drugs in the anti-cancer therapy. Their use in different types of advanced cancer has shown good results and an increase in survival rates. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are frequent and often require special care. IrAEs may affect all the organs, but they are most commonly seen in skin, lungs, endocrine glands and in the gastrointestinal tract where small bowel, colon, the liver and/or the pancreas can be involved. Despite being usually mild and self-resolving, irAEs may present in severe and life-threatening forms, causing the withdrawal of anti-cancer therapy. IrAEs, therefore, represent a challenging condition to manage that often requires the cooperation between the oncologists and the gastroenterologists in order to identify and treat them adequately.
ER  -