@article{10.37349/emed.2026.1001411,
abstract = {Recent studies argue that other physiological solutions are superior to normal saline, which is due to their physiological features, better outcomes in critical care, and lower risk of hyperchloremia and acidosis; nonetheless, it is still a mystery how normal saline has dominated the field of fluid therapy worldwide. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate on whether harm to human health may limit its spread in the future. Additionally, new evidence revealed some of the deleterious effects of normal saline, including coagulopathy, metabolic acidosis, acute kidney injury (AKI), and higher mortality in ICU. The predominant cause for these outcomes appears to be the excess chloride concentration of normal saline relative to plasma. Therefore, it appears relevant to suggest that a normal saline solution should be normalized to that of human serum to overcome these pitfalls. An ideal normal saline solution shall be similar to human serum in its pH, osmolarity, and content of sodium, chloride, and essential minerals.},
author = {Saad, Jasen F. and Saad, Fawzy A.},
doi = {10.37349/emed.2026.1001411},
journal = {Exploration of Medicine},
elocation-id = {1001411},
title = {Issues on the horizon of normal saline intravenous infusion in critical care medicine},
url = {https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001411},
volume = {7},
year = {2026}
}