@article{10.37349/emed.2025.1001354,
abstract = {Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of respiratory infections and invasive disease. Although its burden in children is well-known, adult asymptomatic carriage remains under-investigated, particularly in tropical regions. Methods: This meta-analysis, registered in PROSPERO (CRD420244559641) and adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Epistemonikos for studies published in the past decade. Eligible studies on adult carriage were included in the PECOS framework. Data were independently extracted by multiple reviewers and pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses evaluated differences by sex, comorbidities [e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), diabetes], and behavioral factors (e.g., contact with children). Geospatial variations were mapped using RStudio and ggplot2, and study quality was appraised via the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Results: Thirty-two studies (n = 56,409) revealed a pooled carriage prevalence of 17% (95% CI: 0.12–0.23). Carriage was higher in females (57% vs. 47% in males) and in HIV-positive individuals (78%), while type 2 diabetes was linked to lower carriage (6%). Elevated rates were mapped in Gambia, Fiji, and Malawi. Non-vaccine serotypes (68%) predominated over vaccine serotypes (32%). Discussion: Adult S. pneumoniae carriage is globally significant and heterogeneous, underscoring the need for targeted surveillance and vaccination strategies, especially in tropical, high-density settings.},
author = {Rosdiana, Dani and Simanjuntak, Arya Marganda and Ediwi, Nabila Cindi and Putri, Rahmi Triana and Nurrahma, Zuyyina E.R. and Elisabet, Adinda and Gracia, Felicita and Suyanto, Suyanto and Sarassari, Rosantia and Safari, Dodi and Ilmiawati, Cimi and Elliyanti, Aisyah},
doi = {10.37349/emed.2025.1001354},
journal = {Exploration of Medicine},
elocation-id = {1001354},
title = {Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among adults: Should we raise a concern? A systematic review and meta-analysis with geospatial analysis},
url = {https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/em/Article/1001354},
volume = {6},
year = {2025}
}