For the past 100 years, insulin supplementation has been the mainstay of treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is characterized by progressive autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans over the last decades, technological advances in glucose monitoring and therapeutics have greatly improved the care and management of these patients. However, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life remain challenges for patients with T1D. Islet transplantation has been successfully performed, but there are several limiting factors, such as the lack of cadaveric donors and the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, there is a great medical need for alternative therapeutic approaches. In the current review, the current knowledge on novel approaches for the treatment of T1D with a focus on the potential of using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and natural killer (NK) cells is summarized.
[Names] => Charlotte Steenblock ... Stefan R. Bornstein [CName] => CharlotteSteenblock, [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2023.00002 [Published] => April 01, 2024 [Viewed] => 904 [Downloaded] => 21 [Subject] => Review [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2023.00002 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 1 [Issue] => 1 [Topic] => 0 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:4–11 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Chimeric antigen receptor, natural killer cells, autoimmunity, type 1 diabetes [DetailTitle] => [DetailUrl] => [Id] => 10142 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10142/59a0d12fba453c387509d0b8dee05eac.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10142/79e33ed4a79bfcde8d13978fa52c13ff.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 1 [Cited_Time] => 2024-07-27 [CitethisArticle] => Steenblock C, Eitler J, Oikonomakos IT, Arriens M, Künzel SR, Tonn T, et al. Application of chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:4–11. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2023.00002 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => charlotte.steenblock@uniklinikum-dresden.de, [Ris_Time] => 2024-04-30 05:01:15 [Bib_Time] => 2024-04-30 03:04:12 [KeysWordContens] => Application of chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, Chimeric antigen receptor, natural killer cells, autoimmunity, type 1 diabetes, For the past 100 years, insulin supplementation has been the mainstay of treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is characterized by progressive autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans over the last decades, technological advances in glucose monitoring and therapeutics have greatly improved the care and management of these patients. However, morbidity, mortality, and quality of life remain challenges for patients with T1D. Islet transplantation has been successfully performed, but there are several limiting factors, such as the lack of cadaveric donors and the need for lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Therefore, there is a great medical need for alternative therapeutic approaches. In the current review, the current knowledge on novel approaches for the treatment of T1D with a focus on the potential of using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and natural killer (NK) cells is summarized. ,Charlotte Steenblock ... Stefan R. Bornstein [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 88 [Zh] => 1 [AuthorsName] => Charlotte Steenblock, Jiri Eitler, Ioannis T. Oikonomakos, Marieke Arriens, Stephan R. Künzel, Torsten Tonn, Stefan R. Bornstein ) [2] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 946 [Create_Time] => 2023-11-23 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202406/20240624052240.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10144/10144.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10144/10144.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10144/10144_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes [Abstract] => Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained attention for various reasons in recent years, surrounded by speculation, concerns, and expectations. Despite being developed since 1960, its widespread appli [AbstractComplete] =>Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained attention for various reasons in recent years, surrounded by speculation, concerns, and expectations. Despite being developed since 1960, its widespread application took several decades due to limited computing power. Today, engineers continually improve system capabilities, enabling AI to handle more complex tasks. Fields like diagnostics and biology benefit from AI’s expansion, as the data they deal with requires sophisticated analysis beyond human capacity. This review showcases AI’s integration in endocrinology, covering molecular to phenotypic patient data. These examples demonstrate AI’s potential and power in research and medicine.
[Names] => Ioannis T. Oikonomakos ... Stefan R. Bornstein [CName] => CharlotteSteenblock, [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2023.00004 [Published] => April 01, 2024 [Viewed] => 1477 [Downloaded] => 48 [Subject] => Review [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2023.00004 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 1 [Issue] => 1 [Topic] => 0 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:16–26 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Endocrinology, diabetes, artificial intelligence, machine learning, personalized medicine [DetailTitle] => [DetailUrl] => [Id] => 10144 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10144/b951ae8a3d45e679090fb140be9e59ce.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10144/70082f3f6a4f026376a76cd030585e1d.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 2 [Cited_Time] => 2024-07-27 [CitethisArticle] => Oikonomakos IT, Anjana RM, Mohan V, Steenblock C, Bornstein SR. Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:16–26. https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00004 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => charlotte.steenblock@uniklinikum-dresden.de, [Ris_Time] => 2024-04-30 06:32:07 [Bib_Time] => 2024-04-30 06:32:07 [KeysWordContens] => Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted endocrinology and diabetes, Endocrinology, diabetes, artificial intelligence, machine learning, personalized medicine, Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained attention for various reasons in recent years, surrounded by speculation, concerns, and expectations. Despite being developed since 1960, its widespread application took several decades due to limited computing power. Today, engineers continually improve system capabilities, enabling AI to handle more complex tasks. Fields like diagnostics and biology benefit from AI’s expansion, as the data they deal with requires sophisticated analysis beyond human capacity. This review showcases AI’s integration in endocrinology, covering molecular to phenotypic patient data. These examples demonstrate AI’s potential and power in research and medicine. ,Ioannis T. Oikonomakos ... Stefan R. Bornstein [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 88 [Zh] => 1 [AuthorsName] => Ioannis T. Oikonomakos, Ranjit M. Anjana, Viswanathan Mohan, Charlotte Steenblock, Stefan R. Bornstein ) [3] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 945 [Create_Time] => 2023-11-21 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202406/20240625014256.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10143/10143.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10143/10143.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10143/10143_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Unique original endocrine findings: the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial unit in steroid producing cells [Abstract] => [AbstractComplete] => [Names] => Stefan R. Bornstein ... Waldemar Kanczkowski [CName] => Stefan R.Bornstein, [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2023.00003 [Published] => April 01, 2024 [Viewed] => 723 [Downloaded] => 17 [Subject] => Commentary [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2023.00003 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 1 [Issue] => 1 [Topic] => 203 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:12–15 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, steroid-producing cell, mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes [DetailTitle] => The HPA Axis in Health and Disease [DetailUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/eemd/Special_Issues/203 [Id] => 10143 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10143/68ab6c269a7958fb26ce140227d03a3a.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10143/2ed5f4b381d3b526fa328286aee73aa7.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 1 [Cited_Time] => 2024-07-27 [CitethisArticle] => Bornstein SR, Chen LS, Kanczkowski W. Unique original endocrine findings: the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial unit in steroid producing cells. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:12–5. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2023.00003 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => Stefan.bornstein@uniklinikum-dresden.de, [Ris_Time] => 2024-04-30 03:10:02 [Bib_Time] => 2024-04-30 03:10:02 [KeysWordContens] => Unique original endocrine findings: the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial unit in steroid producing cells, Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, steroid-producing cell, mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes,,Stefan R. Bornstein ... Waldemar Kanczkowski [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 80 [Zh] => 1 [AuthorsName] => Stefan R. Bornstein, Lan-Sun Chen, Waldemar Kanczkowski ) [4] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 954 [Create_Time] => 2023-11-28 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202406/20240624034722.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10145/10145.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10145/10145.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10145/10145_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Development of adrenal 3-dimensional spheroid cultures: potential for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency and neurodegenerative diseases [Abstract] => Aim: Regenerative and curative strategies would be desirable for neurodegenerative and adrenal diseases, and multipotent adrenal stem cells are considered as promising biological tools for this p [AbstractComplete] =>Regenerative and curative strategies would be desirable for neurodegenerative and adrenal diseases, and multipotent adrenal stem cells are considered as promising biological tools for this purpose. Stem-like cells with the potential to proliferate and differentiate in vivo and in vitro were discovered in both cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland. Previously, it was demonstrated that nestin-positive progenitors in the cortex and medulla, play an important role under stress. In the present study, the cultivation of these cells was optimized and their growth in vitro was characterized.
Primary cells from the adrenal cortex and medulla from Nes-GFP mice were isolated and the in vitro culture conditions promoting the growth of stem and progenitor cells using different 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture models were optimized.
Both cortical and medullary cells could be cultured for at least one month under several different low-adherence conditions maintaining their viability and potential to differentiate. Medullary cells grew faster than cortical cells. Endothelin did not affect the cultures.
Adrenomedullary and adrenocortical nestin-positive progenitor cells can be cultured long-term in 3D cultures maintaining their proliferation and differentiation capabilities. Such multidimensional models can potentially be used for drug screening to develop personalized medicines or for transplantation to treat neurodegenerative disorders or adrenal diseases, such as adrenal insufficiency.
Epigenetic alterations have been reported in patients with pituitary tumors and those on antipsychotic drugs, which are also responsible for hyperprolactinemia. This suggests a possible role of epigenetics in the etiopathology of hyperprolactinemia.
The study recruited 83 hyperprolactinemia cases with prolactin > 100 ng/mL and 65 controls. Global DNA methylation status was studied by MethylFlash Methylated DNA Quantification Kit and genome-wide methylation analysis (GWMA) by Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip 850K array.
Hyperprolactinemia cases showed significant global DNA hypermethylation compared to controls. Around 66.67% of hypomethylated and 12.9% of hypermethylated cases were on antipsychotics. Gene enrichment analysis of 5-cytosine-phosphate-guanine-3 (CpG) site-associated genes demonstrated significantly enriched major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein classes and cellular components.
The study suggested the role of epigenetics in the etiopathology of hyperprolactinemia.
Diabetes and cancer are two chronic metabolic diseases with ever-increasing incidence rates worldwide. These disorders can often occur together, as diabetes presents an important risk factor for cancer and some cancers could in turn lead to diabetes. In this perspective article, many more commonalities between diabetes and cancer are highlighted, including the role of lifestyle and environmental factors in the pathogenesis, the presence of a rather long latency period before clinical diagnosis of invasive disease, as well as the ultimate progression to diabetic complications or malignant metastases. Moreover, both of these devastating disorders still lack curative treatment options, whereas several currently approved antidiabetic and anticancer drugs have been originally derived from different natural sources. However, while in the case of diabetes, the main therapeutic goal is to maintain the pancreatic islet mass by preserving β-cells survival, the major purpose of cancer therapy is to kill malignant cells and reduce the neoplastic mass of solid tumors. It is expected that both diabetes and cancer, two systemic diseases with epidemic proportions, would be managed more effectively through an integral approach, considering many different aspects related to their pathogenesis, including also lifestyle changes and dietary modifications.
[Names] => Katrin Sak [CName] => [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2024.00007 [Published] => May 23, 2024 [Viewed] => 658 [Downloaded] => 14 [Subject] => Perspective [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2024.00007 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 1 [Issue] => 2 [Topic] => 0 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:56–61 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Diabetes, cancer, prevalence, pathogenesis, therapy, dietary modifications [DetailTitle] => [DetailUrl] => [Id] => 10147 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10147/6ac2164c218cfe53018fd82004834101.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10147/652c66109c1691398d00ca82fefcee2f.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 0 [Cited_Time] => [CitethisArticle] => Sak K. Diabetes and cancer: two epidemic diseases requiring an opposite therapeutic approach to target cells. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:56–61. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2024.00007 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => [Ris_Time] => 2024-05-22 01:32:44 [Bib_Time] => 2024-05-22 01:32:44 [KeysWordContens] => Diabetes and cancer: two epidemic diseases requiring an opposite therapeutic approach to target cells, Diabetes, cancer, prevalence, pathogenesis, therapy, dietary modifications, Diabetes and cancer are two chronic metabolic diseases with ever-increasing incidence rates worldwide. These disorders can often occur together, as diabetes presents an important risk factor for cancer and some cancers could in turn lead to diabetes. In this perspective article, many more commonalities between diabetes and cancer are highlighted, including the role of lifestyle and environmental factors in the pathogenesis, the presence of a rather long latency period before clinical diagnosis of invasive disease, as well as the ultimate progression to diabetic complications or malignant metastases. Moreover, both of these devastating disorders still lack curative treatment options, whereas several currently approved antidiabetic and anticancer drugs have been originally derived from different natural sources. However, while in the case of diabetes, the main therapeutic goal is to maintain the pancreatic islet mass by preserving β-cells survival, the major purpose of cancer therapy is to kill malignant cells and reduce the neoplastic mass of solid tumors. It is expected that both diabetes and cancer, two systemic diseases with epidemic proportions, would be managed more effectively through an integral approach, considering many different aspects related to their pathogenesis, including also lifestyle changes and dietary modifications. ,Katrin Sak [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 86 [Zh] => 0 [AuthorsName] => Katrin Sak ) [7] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 1304 [Create_Time] => 2024-05-23 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202406/20240625011728.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10148/10148.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10148/10148.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10148/10148_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Four hepatic steatosis indices in predicting quantitative computed tomography-based metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease [Abstract] => Aim: To evaluate the prediction ability for quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) of four widely known hepatic steatosis algori [AbstractComplete] =>To evaluate the prediction ability for quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) of four widely known hepatic steatosis algorithms, namely the fatty liver index (FLI), the hepatic steatosis index (HSI), the Framingham Steatosis index (FSI) and the Zhejiang University index (ZJU index).
From July 2020 to June 2022, health checkup subjects who accepted liver fat quantification with QCT at the Health Management Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were recruited in this study. MAFLD was diagnosed by using QCT-based liver fat quantification. The prediction performance of FLI, HSI, FSI, and ZJU index on MAFLD was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).
Of a total of 4,566 subjects enrolled in this study, 48.7% were diagnosed with MAFLD. The AUC values of FLI, HSI, FSI, and ZJU index were 0.819, 0.792, 0.822 and 0.826, respectively. FLI exhibited the highest sensitivity (SN) of 79.42%, while the ZJU index demonstrated the highest specificity (SP) of 75.35%.
All four indices (FLI, HSI, FSI, and ZJU index) have acceptable predictive performance for patients with QCT-based MAFLD. Our study suggests that the above indices have a stable ability for detecting MAFLD.
Hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the GATA3 gene. A very limited number of cases have been reported in the literature to date. Diagnosis is challenging as the phenotypic expression has wide heterogeneity due to variable penetrance of the underlying genetic mutation. Although the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, sporadic cases do occur. This report presents a case of a 22-year-old female diagnosed with HDR syndrome, featuring bilateral cataract and bicornuate uterus. The GATA3 mutation detected in the patient was not identified in the family, suggesting it to be arising de novo. The present case report describes the rare phenotypic findings of bilateral cataract and bicornuate uterus associated with HDR, thus expanding the clinical spectrum of the syndrome.
[Names] => Rajesh Chetiwal ... Priyank Rastogi [CName] => [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2024.00009 [Published] => May 27, 2024 [Viewed] => 485 [Downloaded] => 11 [Subject] => Case Report [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2024.00009 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 1 [Issue] => 2 [Topic] => 0 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:77–82 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Hypoparathyroidism, deafness, renal dysplasia, GATA3 [DetailTitle] => [DetailUrl] => [Id] => 10149 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10149/18d3b51f89d4c9fb533d00e483c180b2.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A10149/2ce89d2216d6bf01cbe0fe95b830ff0d.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 0 [Cited_Time] => [CitethisArticle] => Chetiwal R, Kumar A, Tanwar S, Rastogi P. Hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia syndrome with bilateral cataract and bicornuate uterus caused by a de novo GATA3 mutation. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:77–82. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2024.00009 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => [Ris_Time] => 2024-05-27 03:07:16 [Bib_Time] => 2024-05-27 03:42:24 [KeysWordContens] => Hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia syndrome with bilateral cataract and bicornuate uterus caused by a de novo GATA3 mutation, Hypoparathyroidism, deafness, renal dysplasia, GATA3 , Hypoparathyroidism, deafness and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of the GATA3 gene. A very limited number of cases have been reported in the literature to date. Diagnosis is challenging as the phenotypic expression has wide heterogeneity due to variable penetrance of the underlying genetic mutation. Although the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, sporadic cases do occur. This report presents a case of a 22-year-old female diagnosed with HDR syndrome, featuring bilateral cataract and bicornuate uterus. The GATA3 mutation detected in the patient was not identified in the family, suggesting it to be arising de novo. The present case report describes the rare phenotypic findings of bilateral cataract and bicornuate uterus associated with HDR, thus expanding the clinical spectrum of the syndrome. ,Rajesh Chetiwal ... Priyank Rastogi [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 80 [Zh] => 0 [AuthorsName] => Rajesh Chetiwal, Amit Kumar, Shweta Tanwar, Priyank Rastogi ) [9] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 1397 [Create_Time] => 2024-06-28 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202407/20240708062819.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101410/101410.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101410/101410.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101410/101410_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Adult-onset testosterone deficiency: the usefulness of hormone replacement in reducing mortality in men with this common age-related condition [Abstract] => Adult-onset testosterone deficiency (TD) in men is diagnosed by the finding of low serum testosterone levels and recognised, associated symptoms. The condition has high prevalence in men over 50 yea [AbstractComplete] =>Adult-onset testosterone deficiency (TD) in men is diagnosed by the finding of low serum testosterone levels and recognised, associated symptoms. The condition has high prevalence in men over 50 years of age, particularly those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Accumulating data show adult-onset TD is associated with increased mortality risk. We review the literature and consider the evidence suggesting testosterone therapy (TTh) reduces mortality, especially in men with T2DM. We previously reported that in the Burntwood Lichfield Atherstone Sutton Coldfield Tamworth (BLAST) study screened cohort of men with adult-onset TD and T2DM adult-onset TD was associated with increased mortality with TTh decreasing this higher mortality. The data hinted that the effect was greater in older men. We confirmed this observation with statistical analyses to study the effect of age on the association between adult-onset TD and mortality; Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the reduced risk (hazard ratio: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.96) following TTh was restricted to men above the median age of 65.89 years. Finally, we speculate on putative mechanisms that may mediate these associations. Heterogeneity in men with adult-onset TD is expected in view of its definition of low testosterone levels together with associated clinical phenotypes that are not always directly related. Many of these classifying phenotypes are associated with increased mortality. Thus, it is perhaps possible that mechanism(s) of all-cause mortality reduction following TTh is via the impact on these associated phenotypes such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, low haematocrit, sex hormone binding levels, erectile dysfunction, etc. We propose that further research studying the effect of TTh takes heterogeneity into account.
[Names] => Amar Mann ... Sudarshan Ramachandran [CName] => [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2024.00010 [Published] => June 28, 2024 [Viewed] => 215 [Downloaded] => 15 [Subject] => Review [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2024.00010 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 0 [Issue] => 3 [Topic] => 227 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:83–100 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Age, adult-onset hypogonadism, type 2 diabetes, testosterone therapy, all-cause mortality, haematocrit, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, sex hormone binding globulin [DetailTitle] => The Fountain of Youth: Decoding the Hormonal Regulation of Aging [DetailUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/eemd/Special_Issues/227 [Id] => 101410 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101410/ba6dadf5f530676999efff955f399fa2.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101410/e9cb3276cd98337fb6b566daf4a3d5c6.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 0 [Cited_Time] => [CitethisArticle] => Mann A, Strange RC, Hackett G, König C, Ramachandran S. Adult-onset testosterone deficiency: the usefulness of hormone replacement in reducing mortality in men with this common age-related condition. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:83–100. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2024.00010 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => [Ris_Time] => 2024-07-08 06:33:43 [Bib_Time] => 2024-07-08 06:33:43 [KeysWordContens] => Adult-onset testosterone deficiency: the usefulness of hormone replacement in reducing mortality in men with this common age-related condition, Age, adult-onset hypogonadism, type 2 diabetes, testosterone therapy, all-cause mortality, haematocrit, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, sex hormone binding globulin, Adult-onset testosterone deficiency (TD) in men is diagnosed by the finding of low serum testosterone levels and recognised, associated symptoms. The condition has high prevalence in men over 50 years of age, particularly those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Accumulating data show adult-onset TD is associated with increased mortality risk. We review the literature and consider the evidence suggesting testosterone therapy (TTh) reduces mortality, especially in men with T2DM. We previously reported that in the Burntwood Lichfield Atherstone Sutton Coldfield Tamworth (BLAST) study screened cohort of men with adult-onset TD and T2DM adult-onset TD was associated with increased mortality with TTh decreasing this higher mortality. The data hinted that the effect was greater in older men. We confirmed this observation with statistical analyses to study the effect of age on the association between adult-onset TD and mortality; Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the reduced risk (hazard ratio: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.96) following TTh was restricted to men above the median age of 65.89 years. Finally, we speculate on putative mechanisms that may mediate these associations. Heterogeneity in men with adult-onset TD is expected in view of its definition of low testosterone levels together with associated clinical phenotypes that are not always directly related. Many of these classifying phenotypes are associated with increased mortality. Thus, it is perhaps possible that mechanism(s) of all-cause mortality reduction following TTh is via the impact on these associated phenotypes such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, low haematocrit, sex hormone binding levels, erectile dysfunction, etc. We propose that further research studying the effect of TTh takes heterogeneity into account. ,Amar Mann ... Sudarshan Ramachandran [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 78 [Zh] => 0 [AuthorsName] => ) [10] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 1403 [Create_Time] => 2024-07-09 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202407/20240709051941.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101411/101411.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101411/101411.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101411/101411_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Genome editing in the adrenal gland: a novel strategy for treating congenital adrenal hyperplasia [Abstract] => Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency leads to high morbidity and mortality, despite the availability of life-saving corticosteroid replacement therapy. Gene therapy repres [AbstractComplete] =>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency leads to high morbidity and mortality, despite the availability of life-saving corticosteroid replacement therapy. Gene therapy represents a promising potential treatment for monogenic disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, overcoming the limitations of corticosteroid replacement approaches. Adeno-associated viral vectors are currently the leading vector for direct in vivo gene delivery. However, physiological properties of the adrenal gland limit the application of adeno-associated viral vector-based gene addition strategies. To achieve durable correction in the adrenal gland, gene editing must be employed to stably introduce a genetic modification into the CYP21A2 locus. The safety of this and other gene editing approaches could be greatly improved by using lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of editing machinery mRNA. While little data exists regarding adrenocortical lipid nanoparticle targeting, physiological features of this organ (such as high relative blood flow, fenestrated endothelium, and cholesterol uptake) indicate the promise of these delivery vectors for the treatment of monogenic diseases of the adrenal cortex. This review discusses the complexities of developing gene therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia and explores the viability of novel gene therapy strategies in this application.
[Names] => Eva B. van Dijk ... Lara E. Graves [CName] => [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2024.00011 [Published] => July 09, 2024 [Viewed] => 180 [Downloaded] => 12 [Subject] => Review [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2024.00011 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 0 [Issue] => 0 [Topic] => 203 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:101–121 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Gene editing, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, lipid nanoparticles, vectors, adeno-associated virus, mRNA therapeutics, CRISPR/Cas9 [DetailTitle] => The HPA Axis in Health and Disease [DetailUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/eemd/Special_Issues/203 [Id] => 101411 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101411/a84f7ad379ea6a6c9ba1e0c8019e8010.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101411/9ff4a7a1130248b61c9f8b59010f1a8e.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 0 [Cited_Time] => [CitethisArticle] => van Dijk EB, Ginn SL, Alexander IE, Graves LE. Genome editing in the adrenal gland: a novel strategy for treating congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:101–21. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2024.00011 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => [Ris_Time] => 2024-07-08 06:46:43 [Bib_Time] => 2024-07-08 06:46:43 [KeysWordContens] => Genome editing in the adrenal gland: a novel strategy for treating congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Gene editing, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, lipid nanoparticles, vectors, adeno-associated virus, mRNA therapeutics, CRISPR/Cas9, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency leads to high morbidity and mortality, despite the availability of life-saving corticosteroid replacement therapy. Gene therapy represents a promising potential treatment for monogenic disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, overcoming the limitations of corticosteroid replacement approaches. Adeno-associated viral vectors are currently the leading vector for direct in vivo gene delivery. However, physiological properties of the adrenal gland limit the application of adeno-associated viral vector-based gene addition strategies. To achieve durable correction in the adrenal gland, gene editing must be employed to stably introduce a genetic modification into the CYP21A2 locus. The safety of this and other gene editing approaches could be greatly improved by using lipid nanoparticles for the delivery of editing machinery mRNA. While little data exists regarding adrenocortical lipid nanoparticle targeting, physiological features of this organ (such as high relative blood flow, fenestrated endothelium, and cholesterol uptake) indicate the promise of these delivery vectors for the treatment of monogenic diseases of the adrenal cortex. This review discusses the complexities of developing gene therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia and explores the viability of novel gene therapy strategies in this application. ,Eva B. van Dijk ... Lara E. Graves [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 109 [Zh] => 0 [AuthorsName] => ) [11] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 1424 [Create_Time] => 2024-07-16 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202407/20240715085800.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101412/101412.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101412/101412.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101412/101412_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Hypothetical involvement of stress hormones-induced reprograming of adult stem/progenitor cells in tumorigenesis [Abstract] => Stress is a state of threatened or perceived as threatened homeostasis that can be induced by various external and internal stimuli such as psychosocial factors, inflammatory or injurious conditions [AbstractComplete] =>Stress is a state of threatened or perceived as threatened homeostasis that can be induced by various external and internal stimuli such as psychosocial factors, inflammatory or injurious conditions, and infections. In order to restore body homeostasis, adrenal glands produce and secrete glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines (CAs), which are the main stress hormones that support the survival and adaptation of the organisms to the new environment. In contrast to the rather beneficial impact of acute and short-lasting stress, chronic stress and related dysregulation of the stress system is implicated in the development of many non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Particularly, ever-increasing experimental and clinical evidence implicates the involvement of CAs and GCs as well as the overexpression of their receptors in the activation of the major pathways involved in tumour development, metastasis, and resistance to various therapies. More importantly, results of experimental and epidemiological studies revealed that overexposure to stress hormones during pre- and early postnatal life might induce life-long or even transgenerational dysregulation of the stress system and predispose it to the development of various tumours. Although the exact mechanisms involved in the latter process are not yet fully known, it has been demonstrated that GC-induced epigenetic modifications can change the expression of several key genes involved in the regulation of the stress system, tumour initiation, and epigenetic imprinting. When such alterations occur in stem/progenitor cells (SPCs), this might not only lead to long-term dysfunction of the stress system but might promote the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). This review article discusses a hypothesis that stress hormones-mediated epigenetic reprograming of various SPCs during sensitive developmental periods, might contribute to their dysfunction and increased sensitivity to malignant transformation, thereby promoting tumorigenesis.
[Names] => Waldemar Kanczkowski ... George P. Chrousos [CName] => [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2024.00012 [Published] => July 15, 2024 [Viewed] => 117 [Downloaded] => 3 [Subject] => Review [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2024.00012 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 0 [Issue] => [Topic] => 203 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:122–157 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => Foetal programming, stress system, tumorigenesis, chronic stress, glucocorticoid adjuvant therapy, cancer, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, cancer stem cells [DetailTitle] => The HPA Axis in Health and Disease [DetailUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/eemd/Special_Issues/203 [Id] => 101412 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101412/69544919c938c9a0cafe55cc7cf1712d.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101412/df9b83882f18cb6448d9e84636dd6440.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 0 [Cited_Time] => [CitethisArticle] => Kanczkowski W, Sue M, Wlodarczyk A, Chrousos GP. Hypothetical involvement of stress hormones-induced reprograming of adult stem/progenitor cells in tumorigenesis. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:122–57. https://doi.org/10. 37349/eemd.2024.00012 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => [Ris_Time] => 2024-07-11 05:14:11 [Bib_Time] => 2024-07-11 05:14:11 [KeysWordContens] => Hypothetical involvement of stress hormones-induced reprograming of adult stem/progenitor cells in tumorigenesis, Foetal programming, stress system, tumorigenesis, chronic stress, glucocorticoid adjuvant therapy, cancer, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, cancer stem cells, Stress is a state of threatened or perceived as threatened homeostasis that can be induced by various external and internal stimuli such as psychosocial factors, inflammatory or injurious conditions, and infections. In order to restore body homeostasis, adrenal glands produce and secrete glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines (CAs), which are the main stress hormones that support the survival and adaptation of the organisms to the new environment. In contrast to the rather beneficial impact of acute and short-lasting stress, chronic stress and related dysregulation of the stress system is implicated in the development of many non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Particularly, ever-increasing experimental and clinical evidence implicates the involvement of CAs and GCs as well as the overexpression of their receptors in the activation of the major pathways involved in tumour development, metastasis, and resistance to various therapies. More importantly, results of experimental and epidemiological studies revealed that overexposure to stress hormones during pre- and early postnatal life might induce life-long or even transgenerational dysregulation of the stress system and predispose it to the development of various tumours. Although the exact mechanisms involved in the latter process are not yet fully known, it has been demonstrated that GC-induced epigenetic modifications can change the expression of several key genes involved in the regulation of the stress system, tumour initiation, and epigenetic imprinting. When such alterations occur in stem/progenitor cells (SPCs), this might not only lead to long-term dysfunction of the stress system but might promote the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). This review article discusses a hypothesis that stress hormones-mediated epigenetic reprograming of various SPCs during sensitive developmental periods, might contribute to their dysfunction and increased sensitivity to malignant transformation, thereby promoting tumorigenesis. ,Waldemar Kanczkowski ... George P. Chrousos [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 80 [Zh] => 0 [AuthorsName] => ) [12] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 1437 [Create_Time] => 2024-07-23 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202407/20240723054347.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101413/101413.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101413/101413.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101413/101413_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => The 2024 American Diabetes Association guidelines on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: key takeaways for laboratory [Abstract] => The escalating prevalence of diabetes poses a significant health concern. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to a multitude of complications. A comprehensive management plan and continual adaptation of gui [AbstractComplete] =>The escalating prevalence of diabetes poses a significant health concern. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to a multitude of complications. A comprehensive management plan and continual adaptation of guidelines is needed. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is a guiding force in this domain, providing diabetes care recommendations for clinicians, laboratorians, researchers, and policymakers since 1989. The latest ADA guidelines present both challenges and opportunities for laboratories. The increased emphasis on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing for early diagnosis and personalized monitoring is expected to increase testing volumes, potentially leading to a rise in point-of-care testing. Ensuring standardized testing procedures becomes paramount to maintaining consistent and reliable results across laboratories. Moreover, laboratories may need to expand their test menus to accommodate the growing demand for personalized medicine approaches and collaborate closely with healthcare providers to support informed decision-making. This commentary provides a focused analysis of the 2024 ADA guidelines for the laboratory assessment of diabetes.
[Names] => Dipti Tiwari, Tar Choon Aw [CName] => [Doi] => 10.37349/eemd.2024.00013 [Published] => July 23, 2024 [Viewed] => 63 [Downloaded] => 3 [Subject] => Commentary [Year] => 2024 [CiteUrl] => https://api.crossref.org/works/10.37349/eemd.2024.00013 [Inline] => 1 [Type] => 0 [Issue] => [Topic] => 0 [TitleAbbr] => Explor Endocr Metab Dis. [Pages] => 2024;1:158–166 [Recommend] => 0 [Keywords] => American Diabetes Association 2024 guidelines, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health, continuous glucose monitoring, diabetes, diabetic kidney disease [DetailTitle] => [DetailUrl] => [Id] => 101413 [ris] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101413/ed5ac1e0a45839a784507d4ce7b7250c.ris [bib] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101413/65f5708f5983e4c9cb5bd845eb7cca52.bib [ens] => [Cited] => 0 [Cited_Time] => [CitethisArticle] => Tiwari D, Aw TC. The 2024 American Diabetes Association guidelines on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: key takeaways for laboratory. Explor Endocr Metab Dis. 2024;1:158–66. https://doi.org/10.37349/eemd.2024.00013 [Jindex] => 0 [CEmail] => [Ris_Time] => 2024-07-23 05:18:14 [Bib_Time] => 2024-07-23 05:18:14 [KeysWordContens] => The 2024 American Diabetes Association guidelines on Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: key takeaways for laboratory, American Diabetes Association 2024 guidelines, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health, continuous glucose monitoring, diabetes, diabetic kidney disease, The escalating prevalence of diabetes poses a significant health concern. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to a multitude of complications. A comprehensive management plan and continual adaptation of guidelines is needed. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is a guiding force in this domain, providing diabetes care recommendations for clinicians, laboratorians, researchers, and policymakers since 1989. The latest ADA guidelines present both challenges and opportunities for laboratories. The increased emphasis on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing for early diagnosis and personalized monitoring is expected to increase testing volumes, potentially leading to a rise in point-of-care testing. Ensuring standardized testing procedures becomes paramount to maintaining consistent and reliable results across laboratories. Moreover, laboratories may need to expand their test menus to accommodate the growing demand for personalized medicine approaches and collaborate closely with healthcare providers to support informed decision-making. This commentary provides a focused analysis of the 2024 ADA guidelines for the laboratory assessment of diabetes. ,Dipti Tiwari, Tar Choon Aw [PublishedText] => Published [IsEdit] => 0 [AccountId] => 86 [Zh] => 0 [AuthorsName] => ) [13] => Array ( [ArticleId] => 1450 [Create_Time] => 2024-07-24 [zipUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/zip/202407/20240724080116.zip [xmlUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101414/101414.xml [pdfUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101414/101414.pdf [coverUrl] => https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/A101414/101414_cover.png [JournalsId] => 16 [Title] => Glycemic trends, app engagement and achievement of gestational diabetes guideline targets using a diabetes app and Bluetooth® connected blood glucose meters [Abstract] => Aim: Current diabetes guidelines recommend people with gestational diabetes mellitus (PwGDM) use primarily blood glucose meters (BGM) for diabetes management. We evaluated glycemic trends and gui [AbstractComplete] =>Current diabetes guidelines recommend people with gestational diabetes mellitus (PwGDM) use primarily blood glucose meters (BGM) for diabetes management. We evaluated glycemic trends and guideline-recommended glycemic targets achieved in PwGDM using a diabetes app with a family of Bluetooth® connected BGMs.
Anonymized glucose and app analytics data from 26,382 PwGDM were sourced from a server. Data from their first 7-days using the app with connected BGMs was compared to 7-days prior to a 10-week timepoint.
Percent fasting readings in range (RIR, < 5.3 mmol/L) improved by +20.3 percentage points in the overall population. Improved glucose RIR (3.5 to 7.8 mmol/L) (+8.3 percentage points), mean blood glucose (BG, –0.59 mmol/L), and fasting RIR (+33.2 percentage points) were observed in those with baseline mean BG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L. Improvements in mean BG of –0.32 to –2.36 mmol/L, and RIR of +3.0 to +38.3 percentage points correlated with higher baseline mean BG ≥ 6.1 to ≥ 7.8 mmol/L. Only 58.5% of PwGDM with baseline mean BG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L had > 80% RIR at baseline, which improved to 79.5% at 10 weeks. PwGDM averaged 17 app sessions and 90 minutes per week on the app.
PwGDM engaged with the diabetes app and connected BGM, facilitating attainment of glycemic targets, an especially important outcome for those with higher mean glucose at baseline.