https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx Most Recent Articles : Exploration of BioMat-X. en-us Tue, 26 May 2026 23:47:27 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101346 Modeling cancer cell invasion requires physiologically relevant systems, yet traditional 2D/3D assays and animal models fail to capture the biochemical and mechanical complexity of the human extracellular matrix (ECM). The human amniotic membrane (AM) is a clinically approved, abundant, and immunologically privileged tissue with a rich ECM composition and favorable mechanical properties. Despite its extensive use in regenerative medicine, its potential as a cancer invasion scaffold remains underexplored. We propose repurposing decellularized AM (dAM) as a human-derived ECM platform to study tumor invasion. dAM retains structural proteins, growth factor reservoirs, and stiffness gradients that influence epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion pathways. Compared with conventional matrices, it offers improved biochemical fidelity and compatibility with patient-derived organoids. Key challenges, including donor variability, decellularization optimization, and reproducibility, are also addressed. dAM provides a non-invasive, scalable, and physiologically relevant tool for cancer invasion assays, drug screening, and patient-specific models. Its integration into oncology research may enhance translational relevance and accelerate personalized medicine. Perspective Wed, 17 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT Ahmed M.Abou-Shanab, Wed, 17 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101346 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101347 Aim: The high cost and weight of conventional metal pylons used in lower-limb prostheses limit accessibility and increase patient burden. This study evaluated whether a 3D-printed, polylactic acid (PLA) prosthetic pylon, incorporating a biomimetic lattice, meets ISO 10328 mechanical requirements and can serve as a lightweight, cost-effective alternative to metal pylons. Methods: A lattice shell inspired by the Euplectella aspergillum sponge architecture was designed to envelop a cylindrical core to mitigate failure under compression and torsion. Pylons were fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PLA at 25% infill with a net pylon radius of 6.66 mm. Mechanical testing followed ISO 10328 protocols and included ultimate static compression, torsion, and cyclic compression (dynamic) tests. Performance metrics recorded included ultimate load capacity, cycle endurance, safety factors for compression and torsion, gross mass, and production material usage. Results: Optimized PLA pylons passed all ISO 10328 tests with no structural failure or visible defects. The pylons sustained a maximum static compression load of 7,901 N (ISO target: 4,480 N), completed > 3 million cycles under dynamic loading without failure, and achieved safety factors of 2.69 (compression) and 2.15 (torsion). The 3D-printed units weighed ~282 g, approximately 30% lighter than comparable metal pylons (~400 g), and material/geometry optimization reduced material use and manufacturing cost. Conclusions: PLA-based, 3D-printed pylons with a biomimetic lattice architecture demonstrate sufficient mechanical integrity to satisfy ISO 10328 requirements and offer a lightweight, lower-cost alternative to traditional metal pylons. These findings support further in-vitro and in-vivo validation and highlight the potential for additive manufacturing to expand prosthetic accessibility—particularly in resource-limited settings. Original Article Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT FariborzTavangarian, Nur KhairinaKhairunajhan, Muhammad Syafiq MohdYusairi, Luqman Haziq IkhwanNasir, Faris HakimMazlan, AnilchandraAttaluri, Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101347 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101345 Aim: The decellularization process aims to remove cellular components from the tissues while preserving the ultrastructural composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Decellularization of bone is gaining attention as a biological scaffold due to its unique histoarchitecture, which consists of both organic and inorganic compounds. This study aims to develop a biological bone ECM using a novel decellularization method for bone regeneration. Methods: Rabbit and rat bone tissues were decellularized using a novel process that combines physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods with 0.1% SDS. Bone tissues were evaluated in terms of histology, biochemistry, and biomechanical tests, both before and after decellularization. Additionally, decellularized bone substitutes were recellularized with preosteoblast cells to assess the cytotoxic effect of the decellularization process. Results: Our method effectively removes cellular components while preserving both organic and inorganic compounds. We achieved a 95% in DNA content for rabbit bone and 92% for rat bone. The biochemical and biomechanical properties remained unchanged, and mineralization features were preserved after decellularization. The cell culture results revealed that decellularized bone extracellular matrix (dbECM) is biocompatible, bioactive, and provides a suitable environment for cell growth. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that our novel decellularization method effectively develops biological bone ECM containing both organic and inorganic compounds while utilizing minimal chemical concentration and incubation time. It is foreseen that the resulting decellularized bone could serve as a biological substitute, providing a favorable microenvironment for bone regeneration. Original Article Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT AylinKara Özenler, HasanHavitcioglu, FundaTihminlioglu, Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101345 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10131 Not applicable. Editorial Wed, 12 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT MaryamTabrizian, Wed, 12 Apr 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10131 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101320 Aim: The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevance and accuracy. This was accomplished by evaluating patterns manufactured using three different 3D printers and resin materials, assessing their fit and adaptation through digital scanning and analysis. The objective was to determine the internal and marginal variations of printed crown resin patterns and to identify the printer and material combinations that produce the most consistent and clinically acceptable results. Methods: A prefabricated typodont tooth was prepared for a crown and scanned using an intraoral scanner. From this scan, a crown was designed and the resulting STL file was exported. This 3D file was manufactured using resins indicated for castable patterns on 3 different printers: FotoDent® Cast with the Carbon M2 printer, Form 3 Castable with the Form 2 printer, and Siraya Tech Cast with the ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro 3D printer. Finally, the crown resin patterns were scanned using an intraoral digital scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) scanner, and crown adaptation was digitally quantified in GeoMagic software. Clinically relevant significance was determined (marginal gap < 50 µm) between resin patterns printed on different printers. Results: Form 3 Castable/Form 2 printer had the lowest mean internal variation at all measurement areas, 21.07 μm at the occlusal, 104.23 μm at the margin, and 37.98 μm at the axial. FotoDent® Cast/Carbon M2 had the largest marginal variation while Siraya Tech Cast/ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro had the largest occlusal variation. Within each material, the largest internal variation was at the marginal area while the lowest value was in the occlusal area. Conclusions: All printed crowns displayed clinically acceptable ranges, but there was a statistically significant difference in the fit between all printers. Original Article Mon, 14 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT Wendy A.Clark, MustafaGirnary, TariqAlsahafi, ArianaMotamedi, Ingeborg J.De Kok, Mon, 14 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101320 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101351 The challenges of conventional animal models and two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell cultures in effectively forecasting human toxicity have prompted a significant shift towards New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). This development centers on advanced humanized in vitro co-culture models that offer improved physiological relevance for toxicological assessment. This perspective highlights the critical role of biomaterials in the creation of complex microenvironments. This study demonstrates how biomaterials effectively mimic the original extracellular matrix (ECM) through controlled compositional, structural, mechanical, and biochemical signals, thereby enabling the development of sophisticated 3D spheroids, organoids, and Organ-on-Chip systems. These biomaterial-enhanced platforms are essential for precise evaluation of immunotoxicity, as they promote human-specific immune responses and targeted immunomodulation, and for carcinogenicity, as they accurately replicate the tumor microenvironment, affect cancer cell behavior, and enable patient-derived models. Moreover, we underscore the synergistic amalgamation of these biomaterial-based models with omics technologies and computational methodologies (QSAR, AI/ML) for thorough molecular insights and rational design. Despite ongoing challenges in standardization and high-throughput compatibility, the strategic utilization of biomaterials is set to transform predictive toxicology, expedite drug discovery, and promote personalized medicine, thereby diminishing dependence on animal testing and improving human safety. Review Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT SunilChoudhary, AbhishekDubey, AnshumaanSingh, PaoloZamboni, NehaGupta, RoyanaSingh, VeronicaTisato, Lalit MohanAggarwal, DonatoGemmati, Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101351 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10132 Aim: This study aimed to examine the amount of surface non-specific adsorption, or fouling, observed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) on a quartz crystal based acoustic wave biosensor under different flow conditions with and without an anti-fouling layer. Methods: An electromagnetic piezoelectric acoustic sensor (EMPAS) based on electrode free quartz crystals was used to perform the analysis. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was flowed over the crystal surface at various flow rates from 50 μL/min to 200 μL/min, with measurements being taken at the 43rd harmonic (~864 MHz). The crystal was either unmodified, or modified with a monoethylene glycol [2-(3-silylpropyloxy)-hydroxy-ethyl (MEG-OH)] anti-fouling layer. Overnight culture of P. aeruginosa PAO1 (PAO1) in lysogeny broth (LB) was injected into the system, and flow maintained for 30 min. Results: The frequency change of the EMPAS crystal after injection of bacteria into the system was found to change based on the flow rate of buffer, suggesting the flow rate has a strong effect on the level of non-specific adsorption. The MEG-OH layer drastically reduced the level of fouling observed under all flow conditions, as well as reduced the amount of variation between experiments. Flow rates of 150 μL/min or higher were found to best reduce the level of fouling observed as well as experimental variation. Conclusions: The MEG-OH anti-fouling layer is important for accurate and reproducible biosensing measurements due to the reduced fouling and variation during experiments. Additionally, a flow rate of 150 μL/min may prove better for measurement compared to the current standard of 50 μL/min for this type of instrument. Original Article Tue, 21 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT BrianDe La Franier, MichaelThompson, Tue, 21 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10132 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10133 Aim: This study aims to discover an alternative precursor with abundant source and low cost for multicolor graphene quantum dots (GQDs) preparation and application. Methods: In the current study, anthracite-derived multicolor GQDs were prepared at different reaction temperatures (100°–150°C), referring to the GQDs 100, GQDs 120, GQDs 130, and GQDs 150. Results: The GQDs 100, GQDs 120, GQDs 130, and GQDs 150 solutions were found to be orange-red, yellow-green, green, and blue under 365 nm excitation UV (ultraviolet) lamp, respectively. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data suggests high temperature intensifies oxidation of the amorphous sp3 carbon, resulting in GQDs with higher crystalline structure (Csp2). Compared with the GQDs 100 and GQDs 120, the GQDs 130 and GQDs 150 showed much better biocompatibility, which may attribute to their higher Csp2 composition and smaller size. Conclusions: The results suggest that GQDs 130 and GQDs 150 are ideal candidates for nanomedicine applications, e.g., drug/gene delivery and bio-imaging, etc. Original Article Thu, 07 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT HongyuPan, JiaheChen, WeifengZhang, LiuhaoChen, Ji YoungYoon, BinLi, KaiYu, Thu, 07 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10133 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10134 Translating biomaterials research into clinical products is a multidisciplinary yet rewarding journey. It should primarily aim to improve patient treatment and clinical outcomes by addressing unmet clinical needs. Four examples of commercial development of biomaterial implants illustrate the diversity of paths, starting from academic research work (AlchiMedics, TISSIUM, Cousin Surgery) or corporate initiatives to develop new products (Medtronic-Sofradim Production). They have been selected from the Translational Research session of the 2022 Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB) in Bordeaux (France). Commitment, agility, and perseverance were among the key common skills to successfully meet challenges, especially the most unexpected ones. All dimensions of translation projects must be integrated from the start, including the regulatory strategy. Review Tue, 16 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT YvesBayon, ChristopheBureau, Maria J NPerreira, FrançoisAubert, MichelCaillibotte, RobertVestberg, DidierLetourneur, Tue, 16 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10134 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10135 Aim: Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN). Methods: Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells. Results: 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity. Conclusions: SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration. Original Article Mon, 26 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT Damla ArslantunaliSahin, Cagdas DevrimSon, VasifHasirci, Mon, 26 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10135 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10136 Aim: The pleiotropic effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on promoting myogenesis, angiogenesis, and innervation makes it an ideal growth factor for treating volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries. While an initial delivery of FGF2 has demonstrated enhanced regenerative potential, the sustained delivery of FGF2 from scaffolds with robust structural properties as well as biophysical and biochemical signaling cues has yet to be explored for treating VML. The goal of this study is to develop an instructive fibrin microthread scaffold with intrinsic topographic alignment cues as well as regenerative signaling cues and a physiologically relevant, sustained release of FGF2 to direct myogenesis and ultimately enhance functional muscle regeneration. Methods: Heparin was passively adsorbed or carbodiimide-conjugated to microthreads, creating a biomimetic binding strategy, mimicking FGF2 sequestration in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It was also evaluated whether FGF2 incorporated into fibrin microthreads would yield sustained release. It was hypothesized that heparin-conjugated and co-incorporated (co-inc) fibrin microthreads would facilitate sustained release of FGF2 from the scaffold and enhance in vitro myoblast proliferation and outgrowth. Results: Toluidine blue staining and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that carbodiimide-conjugated heparin bound to fibrin microthreads in a dose-dependent manner. Release kinetics revealed that heparin-conjugated fibrin microthreads exhibited sustained release of FGF2 over a period of one week. An in vitro assay demonstrated that FGF2 released from microthreads remained bioactive, stimulating myoblast proliferation over four days. Finally, a cellular outgrowth assay suggests that FGF2 promotes increased outgrowth onto microthreads. Conclusions: It was anticipated that the combined effects of fibrin microthread structural properties, topographic alignment cues, and FGF2 release profiles will facilitate the fabrication of a biomimetic scaffold that enhances the regeneration of functional muscle tissue for the treatment of VML injuries. Original Article Tue, 23 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT Meagan E.Carnes, Cailin R.Gonyea, Jeannine M.Coburn, George D.Pins, Tue, 23 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10136 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10137 Aim: Since decades, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-derived materials have received worldwide attention as promising biomaterials for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Soluble dECM is a versatile raw material that can be easily engineered into the desired shapes and structures. However, there are still some limitations restricting its use, including low hydrophilicity and smooth surfaces, which negatively influence cell adhesion/spreading. The objective of the present study was to investigate surface modification by nitrogen/hydrogen (N2/H2) low-pressure cold plasma treatment as a potential technique to improve the biological response of bovine pericardium dECM films. Methods: Bovine pericardium dECM was enzymatically digested and lyophilized prior to the preparation of thin films via solvent-casting method. Changes in surface properties after plasma treatment were investigated using water contact angle (WCA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. Immunofluorescence staining and resazurin assay for human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) cultured on the dECM films were used to assess the bioactivity of dECM films. Finally, the hemocompatibility of the films was investigated via clotting time and hemolysis assay. Results: WCA and XPS results revealed that oxygen (O)- and N-containing functional groups were incorporated onto the film surface and an increase in hydrophilicity was observed after plasma treatment. In vitro experiments showed that cell adhesion in plasma-treated dECM films is much faster if compared to the untreated controls. Moreover, the fibroblast proliferation increased after plasma surface modifications. Finally, the hemocompatibility analysis results indicated a delayed blood clotting and no hemolytic effects for all the tested samples. Conclusions: These findings confirmed the potential of dECM as raw material for biocompatible thin films fabrication. Additionally, plasma surface treatment emerged as an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy to enhance in vitro cell attachment and proliferation on dECM films, expanding their applications in biomedicine. Original Article Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT Maria ElenaLombardo, ValentinaMariscotti, PascaleChevallier, FrancescoCopes, FrancescaBoccafoschi, AndranikSarkissian, DiegoMantovani, Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10137 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10138 Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) gradually affect neurons impacting both their function and structure, and they afflict millions worldwide. Detecting these conditions before symptoms arise is crucial for better prognosis and duality of life, given that the disease processes often begin years earlier. Yet, reliable and affordable methods to diagnose NDDs in these stages are currently lacking. There’s a growing interest in using circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), like small EVs (sEVs) also known as exosomes, as potential sources of markers for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring NDDs. This interest stems from evidence showing that these EVs can carry brain pathological proteins implicated in NDD pathology, and they can even traverse the blood-brain barrier. This review focuses on the creation of EVs, particularly sEVs with a size of less than 200 nanometers, methods for isolating sEVs, and recent advancements in biosensor development to detect NDD-related markers found in sEVs. Furthermore, it explores the potential of sEVs in diagnosing four major NDDs: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Review Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT SaqerAl Abdullah, IvyCocklereece, KristenDellinger, Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10138 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10139 Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety. Commentary Fri, 26 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT Ajay VikramSingh, PreetiBhardwaj, Aditya KumarUpadhyay, AnselmoPagani, JyotiUpadhyay, JollyBhadra, VeronicaTisato, ManaliThakur, DonatoGemmati, RudreshMishra, PaoloZamboni, Fri, 26 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/10139 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101310 Aim: Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is often used to reconstruct critical-sized defects generated by the surgical resection of spinal metastases. Residual tumor cells after a resection can drive recurrence and destabilization. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a common chemotherapeutic drug with unwanted side-effects when administered systemically. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining attention for targeted drug delivery to bypass the negative side effects associated with systemic drug administration. An NP-functionalized cement was developed for the local release of DOX and its ability to suppress cancer cells was tested. Methods: DOX was loaded onto NPs which were then mixed into the cement. Static contact angles were measured. Drug release profiles were obtained over a period of 4 weeks. Cement constructs were incubated with two-dimensional (2D) cultures of human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and human osteoblasts, as well as 2D and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Cell metabolic activity and viability were evaluated. Cell migration and spheroid growth of cancer cell lines were assessed in collagen-coated spheroid cultures. Results: NPs were homogenously dispersed and did not alter the mechanical strength nor the wettability of the cement. A sustained DOX release profile was achieved with the addition of NPs to the bone cement. The release profile of DOX from NP cement may be modified by varying the amount of the drug loaded onto the NPs and the proportion of NPs in the cement. Cancer cells treated with the cement constructs showed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition, with minimal toxicity against healthy cells. Cancer cell migration and spheroid growth were impaired in 3D culture. Conclusions: NPs were shown to be essential for sustained DOX release from bone cement. DOX-loaded NP cement can inhibit cancer cells and impair their migration, with strong potential for in vivo translation studies. Original Article Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT AteequeSiddique, Mansoureh MohseniGarakani, Megan E.Cooke, Michael H.Weber, Derek H.Rosenzweig, Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101310 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101311 The use of autologous cartilage and bone grafts remains the gold standard in augmentation rhinoplasty performed to reconstruct of the nasal dorsum. Meanwhile, limited number of available sources, donor site morbidity, and unpredictable graft resorption represent significant disadvantages of autografting. The aim of this study is to test combination of autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and commercially available bone substitutes (BSs) as new tissue-engineered grafting material (GM) for rhinoplasty. A series of consecutive cases includes four adult patients who underwent rhinoplasty to correct saddle nose deformity (SND) using the new graft technique. SVF was isolated from liposuction aspirate using standard methodology of enzymatic digestion. Two types of BSs were combined with SVF: Bio-Oss granules to create a moldable graft (M-graft), and block-shaped BoneMedik-S to create rigid grafts (R-grafts). The moderate SND was treated using an M-graft. In case of major or complex SND, the nasal dorsum was reconstructed with dorso-columellar L-shaped framework made of R-grafts. The results were evaluated over a period of 6 months to 3 years postoperatively using photogrammetry and FACE-Q appearance appraisal scales. Computerised tomography (CT) scanning of the reconstructed nose and histological analysis of grafted material were also carried out. No complications were observed. The photograms show the restoration of the correct contour of the nose. FACE-Q appraisal scale scores increased significantly, including satisfaction with nose appearance, psychological well-being, and social function. In CT evaluation, there was no substantial resorption or warping of the grafts. Histological findings show osteogenic remodeling of the grafted material. Thus, combining autologous SVF with BSs is a promising strategy for developing rhinoplasty GM. Case Report Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT VladimirKarpiuk, IrinaGilevich, MarinaPerova, OlgaPonkina, Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101311 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101312 Not applicable. Editorial Tue, 04 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT LucaFiorillo, Tue, 04 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101312 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101313 Aim: In this study, the finite elements analysis (FEA) was performed on an intramedullary (IM) pin to be used in the canine femur. The 03 different biomaterials [17-4-precipitated hardened (PH)-stainless steel (SS), nickel alloys (Ni)-625, titanium alloys (Ti)-6Al-4V] were selected for comparative FEA. In-vitro analysis was also performed in simulated body fluid (SBF) on selected biomaterials for possible application in the canine femur. Methods: FEA was performed on 03 different biomaterials (17-4-PH-SS, Ni-625, and Ti-6Al-4V) based on Von-Mises criteria (at an applied load of 1,500 N, cell type: tetrahedron, grit size: 0.15 mm, number of nodes: 213,989 and elements: 145,012). The distal end of the IM pin was fixed, and the load was applied to the proximal end. In-vitro analysis was performed (on a potentiostat setup) to establish the corrosion rate of various biomaterials (17-4-PH-SS, Ni-625, and Ti-6Al-4V). Results: The results of FEA show Ni-625 absorbed the maximum Von-Mises stress in the case of tensile and compression loading (104.12 MPa). In the case of torsion loading, the maximum Von-Mises stress was absorbed by 17-4-PH-SS (63.331 MPa). The maximum Von-Mises elastic strain (0.00093473) was observed for Ti-6Al-4V while tensile and compression and minimum deformation (0.013869 mm) in tensile loading. Conclusions: Based on this study, the maximum safety factor against failure (N) [ratio of 0.2% of yield strength (σy) to the Von-Mises stress (σv)] was observed as 10.75, 11.38, and 15.89, respectively, for tensile, compression, and torsional loading in the case of Ti-6Al-4V. Also, the better biocompatible material for the orthopaedic implant application based on the corrosion result is Ti-6Al-4V due to a lower corrosion rate (2.63211 × 10–10 mm/year) in comparison to 17-4-PH-SS and Ni-625. Overall, the Ti-6Al-4V is a better material than 17-4-PH-SS and Ni-625 for the intended application. Original Article Thu, 27 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT MinhazHusain, RupinderSingh, Bahadur SinghPabla, GurwinderSingh, J. P.Davim, Thu, 27 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101313 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101314 Aim: To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Methods: Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results: The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again. Conclusions: The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring. Original Article Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT Ahmed T.Algahiny, Omar S.Elmitwalli, Deyari A.Kassim, G. RoshanDeen, SultanAkhtar, Fryad Z.Henari, Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101314 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101315 Aim: The study aims to analyze the canine’s implant behaviour under compressive loading [to be installed in a maxilla at a premolar 4 (PM4) location]. After simulation of various mechanical properties, the 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) prototypes were successfully 3D printed by powder bed fusion (PBF) process with solid and octet metastructure to reduce stress shielding. Methods: The maxillary PM4 tooth of a male German shepherd dog was selected as the subject for the proposed study. As PM4 loading in canines is analogous to compressive loading conditions, finite element analysis (FEA) under compression was performed to compare simulated results of solid and octet meta-structure specimens. Solid and octet meta structure-based compression samples were prepared per ASTM E9 standard using SolidWorks software. The octet metastructure was designed with node and connector diameters of 0.5 mm each on 3DXpert software. Further FEA analysis of designed compression samples was performed using Ansys Workbench by selecting 17-4PH SS material at loading conditions of 800 N and 5,000 N. Results: The FEA results at the loading of 800 N show that maximum Von-Mises stress in the case of the solid and octet meta structure-based compression specimen was 10.029 MPa and 131.61 MPa, respectively. Further, the maximum Von-Mises strain for the solid and octet meta-structure-based specimens was 0.000049163 and 0.00067179, respectively. Similarly, deformation (in mm) for solid and octet truss lattice-based compression samples were 0.00075097 and 0.001451, respectively. The results observed at the loading condition of 5,000 N followed a pattern similar to that of 800 N loading conditions. Conclusions: Octet metastructure-based compression sample showed encouraging potential for withstanding maximum compression loading applicable to canine (800 N) while lowering the impacts of stress shielding. The safety factor against failure (N) was 4.33 and 62.31 for the octet meta-structure and solid compression samples, respectively. Original Article Fri, 23 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT BharatKalia, RupinderSingh, Bahadur SinghPabla, GurwinderSingh, Fri, 23 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101315 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101316 Aim: This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design. Methods: Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions. Results: Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC). Conclusions: The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate. Original Article Fri, 30 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT ZhaoyingMa, Robin J.Scales, David D.Brand, Jan T.Czernuszka, Fri, 30 Aug 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101316 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101317 The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure is mainly due to aseptic loosening. More rarely septic mobilization may occur. In the first case, many variables influence the bone-implant relationship and periprosthetic bone remodeling. Stress-shielding is the most evident but not fully explained manifestation of the bone implant interaction. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopedic implants have offered new perspectives in the field of hip prosthetics, enabling the customization and production of acetabular cups with enhanced biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of 3D printed acetabular cups from the perspective of aseptic failure particularly related to the stress-shielding. The most recent clinical and preclinical studies will be reviewed, exploring the benefits and challenges associated with the use of these emerging technologies. Key factors, such as biocompatibility, mechanical stability, osseointegration, and wear resistance. Review Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT AntonioZiranu, AntonioBove, GretaTanzi Germani, Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101317 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101318 Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification of the biomaterials from which the vascular grafts are constructed has been used to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis and infection. Herein with a focus on vascular tissue engineering, we provided an overview of (a) fundamental hemodynamic considerations for blood-contacting biomaterials, (b) surface modification strategies to attenuate nonspecific adhesion of proteins, improve hemocompatibility, and induce the formation of a confluent endothelial lining, and (c) the guidelines for the clinical development of surface modified biomaterials. Review Fri, 13 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT Noor AbuJarad, AndrewChami, Jeffrey I.Weitz, Tohid F.Didar, Fri, 13 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101318 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101319 Aim: This study aims to explore the sensing capabilities of polyvinylidene fluoride-hydroxyapatite-chitosan (PVDF-HAP-CS) composite-based hernia mesh implants (of conformal/planar design), followed by in-vitro analysis for better understanding of the bio-stability in the patient’s body. Methods: For analyzing the sensing capabilities, a microstrip patch antenna (MPA)-based implantable sensor [with 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) (bio-compatible) and Cu alloy (non-biocompatible) materials as conducting plane/patch with PVDF-HAP-CS as dielectric material] has been considered separately in this study. Primarily, in this study, the 3D models of the hernia mesh implant have been designed in the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, and the sensing behaviour of the same has been recorded. Results: The HFSS results represent that for the 17-4PH SS-based sensor, resonant frequency (fr) decreases from 2.3953 to 2.3800 GHz, whereas the gain increases from 0.54 to 4.02 dB with a SAR value of 1.077 W/kg. The fr for Cu alloy increases up to 30° conformal angle and, after that, starts decreasing, whereas the gain reaches 3.24 dB with a SAR value of 1.238 W/kg. The in-vitro study highlights that both materials (17-4PH SS and Cu alloy) possess a low corrosion rate. Conclusions: The simulation-based comparison of the biosensors with conducting elements 17-4PH SS and Cu alloy for different conformal angles indicates that the 17-4PH SS shows promising results over Cu in terms of higher gain (up to 4.02 dB) and low SAR value (1.077 W/kg) with the fr lying in the industry scientific and medical (ISM) band and therefore may be used for implantable sensor applications and possesses the capability to be used as 3D-printed hernia mesh implant. The in-vitro results with the low corrosion rate ≈ of 5.1 × 10–8 mm/year, 17-4PH SS may be a suitable material for the fabrication of hernia mesh implant. Original Article Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT AbhishekBarwar, PrateekKala, RupinderSingh, J. PauloDavim, Mon, 30 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101319 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101321 Aim: Synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles, characterization, size detection by modeling. Methods: Colloidal plasmonic gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation with a 1,064 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with equal fractional volume and then were illuminated with its 532 nm second harmonic pulse. After the illumination process, we observed 1 nm blue shift in peak position of gold colloid and 4 nm blue shift in silver colloid. We observed a variation in the dielectric function due to nanoparticle size reduction in both samples. Using micrograph, size distribution was plotted and with the help of Mie theory and size dependent dielectric function, we reconstructed absorption spectrum to best fit the experimental spectrum and we estimated 12- and 16-fold increase in the number of Au and Ag nanoparticles respectively, due to illumination. Results: We have estimated size distribution of produced nanoparticles. Conclusions: We produced silver and gold colloids with ablation of their foils in water without any surfactant, and then we fragmented the nanoparticles colloids with an intense nanosecond laser and studied the effect of illumination on peak position and size distribution of colloids. Original Article Tue, 22 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT HamidNadjari, HadiMovahedinejad, Tue, 22 Oct 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101321 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101322 The fusion of biomaterial science with clinical practice in oculoplastic and orbital surgery, particularly in the reconstruction of the posterior lamella of the eyelid, the lacrimal system, orbital floor fractures, and the development of implants for anophthalmic sockets, represents a frontier where materials meet surgical techniques. This review, which spans research from 2015 to 2023, delves into the application and integration of biopolymers and functional biomaterials in these complex areas. The discussion begins by reviewing the key anatomy of the external ocular surface, lacrimal system, and orbit. It then summarizes the various current surgical approaches for treating diseases affecting the external ocular surface and orbital involvement, with an emphasis on the associated challenges. The discussion continues with a comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages of current and emerging biomaterials, including synthetic and natural polymers, used in reconstructive surgeries. These include applications for eyelid structure reconstruction, lacrimal system repair, orbital bone fracture repair, and orbital socket reconstruction. Throughout the review, the pathophysiology and challenges associated with these reconstructive procedures are explored, with an emphasis on surgical nuances and the ongoing pursuit of optimal reconstruction techniques. Finally, this review serves as a valuable resource for familiarizing clinicians with current knowledge and generating future hypotheses. It concludes that no evidence-based guidelines currently exist in oculoplastic surgery regarding the use of biopolymers in reconstructive procedures. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and reproducibility of these biopolymers. Review Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 GMT MerveKulbay, Kevin Y.Wu, AdamHocini, PatrickDaigle, Fri, 29 Nov 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101322 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101323 Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems (DDS) offer promising alternatives for treating ocular diseases by overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies, such as low bioavailability, frequent administration, and invasiveness. Hydrogels, with their high biocompatibility and ability to respond to external stimuli, can provide sustained and targeted drug delivery. This review highlights the unique properties of hydrogels, including their swelling behavior, porosity, and mechanical strength, making them suitable for various ocular applications. The classification of hydrogels based on cross-linking methods, origins, and stimuli responsiveness is discussed, emphasizing their potential in drug delivery for dry eye disease (DED), glaucoma, corneal alkali burns, and neovascularization. Notable advances include thermosensitive and pH-responsive hydrogels, which have shown promising results in preclinical studies. Despite these advances, most studies are still in preclinical stages, highlighting the need for rigorous human trials to validate the safety and efficacy of hydrogel DDS. Collaborative efforts among researchers, pharmacologists, and ophthalmologists are essential to translating these innovations into clinical practice, ultimately improving patient outcomes in ocular disease management. Review Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT DoanhTruong, Kevin Y.Wu, LouisNguyen, Simon D.Tran, Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101323 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101324 Nanoparticles (NPs) are at the forefront as they are providing unprecedented solutions to obstacles and issues in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Due to their size, surface characteristics, and ability to be functionalized, these carriers can directly deliver therapeutics across what is considered one of the main barriers to central nervous system (CNS) treatment, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Through nano-technology, anti-disease agents such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s therapies become more bioavailable, specific in action, and with fewer side effects. The NPs serve as molecular carriers that facilitate transport across the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis or by disruption of the barrier with a view to properly delivering drugs to the neural tissues. Some of the therapeutic applications of nanotechnology also present the concept of molecular medicine since the NPs are designed to deliver drugs in accordance with specific biomolecule signals. Besides the therapeutic applications, NPs replace the traditional contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans for better diagnosis as well as disease tracking in the early stages. In addition, their effects on solubility increase the therapeutic potential of earlier useless compounds, and the preservation of bioactive molecules from degradation increases the therapeutic capacity of medications. Neurodegenerative disorders are marked by oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to the disease severity; thus, liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric NPs encapsulate antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, so they target the areas most affected by the disease. Such sophisticated systems minimize the extension of neuronal deterioration and enhance the lot of such patients. The “theranostic” NPs allow for continuous diagnosis and treatment by containing both diagnostic and therapeutic features. These have created unprecedented opportunities to meet the unmet needs in CNS disorders and may revolutionize the evolution of managing neurodegenerative diseases and innovative neuroimaging procedures in the future. Review Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT HumairaAslam, AliUmar, NaziaNusrat, ManelMansour, AmanUllah, ShehlaHoney, Muhammad JehanzebSohail, MustansarAbbas, Muhammad WaseemAslam, Misbah UllahKhan, Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101324 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101325 Silver iodide (AgI) nanostructures have been considered as promising candidates for optical biosensors owing to their optical characteristics of optical properties, including tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and fluorescence enhancement. Such properties let one analyze biomolecules with high sensitivity, which makes them ultra-useful in diagnostics. The formed AgI nanostructures can be synthesized using chemical precipitation and template methods that enable fine-tuning of the morphology and crystallinity of the final nanostructure. The presence of SPR enhances optical signals potentially, and fluorescence enhancement helps visualize biomolecule interactions easier as the analyte concentration is usually low. Such uses of biosensors include applications in proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules for progress in disease diagnosis and pharmacogenomics. Moreover, the good biocompatibility level of the created AgI nanostructures makes it possible to integrate them into biological systems safely, increasing their usage in medicine. This integration of their appealing optics, biosensing operating principles, and biocompatibility establishes their centrality in the creation of future photonic biosensors for faster, intuitive, and painless detection. Review Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT HumairaAslam, NaziaNusrat, ManelMansour, AliUmar, AmanUllah, ShehlaHoney, Muhammad JehanzebSohail, MustansarAbbas, Muhammad WaseemAslam, Misbah UllahKhan, Fri, 13 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101325 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101326 Aim: The chronicity of injuries is also a public health problem, and it is necessary to develop and apply new materials to promote more satisfactory results in the wound healing. Thus, this study aims to develop natural polymer films based on a combination of κ-carrageenan and sodium alginate, crosslinked with Zn2+, for the controlled delivery of mupirocin (MUP). Methods: Vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and infrared spectroscopies) was used to characterize the chemical structure and crosslinking process. Micro-Raman imaging and scanning electron microscopy were employed to observe the spatial distribution of the polymers and morphology of the samples, respectively. The uniformity (in terms of mass, thickness, and MUP concentration) of the films, MUP release kinetics, and their bactericidal activity were subjected to analysis. Results: The films exhibited good uniformity in terms of thickness, mass, and quantity of MUP. However, the percentage of antibiotics was lower than that added, indicating losses during the film production process. Swelling and release kinetic studies indicated good swelling capacity of the films and controlled drug delivery process. The antibacterial activity of the films was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the zone of inhibition method. All films produced showed activity against the growth of these bacteria. Conclusions: The results illustrate the potential of employing κ-carrageenan and sodium alginate in the fabrication of polymeric films for the regulated release of MUP, with the aim of developing wound dressings that can improve wound healing outcomes. Original Article Tue, 14 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT Tamara Rodriguesde Sousa, Sayza Diasde Santana, Grasiele SoaresCavallini, Nelson Luis Gonçalves Diasde Souza, Tue, 14 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101326 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101327 The design of effective treatments for critical size bone defects, which result from various conditions such as trauma, infection, injury, or tumor resection, presents a significant challenge in clinical practice. While autologous grafts are commonly regarded as gold standard treatments in these complex healing scenarios, they are often associated with notable limitations, including donor site morbidity and limited graft volume. As a result, recent research trends have shifted towards developing biomaterials that better emulate the inherent complexity of the native bone structure and function through implementation of a “Diamond Concept” polytherapy strategy. Central to this approach is the utilization of biomaterials, increasingly composed of composite materials that integrate bioactive osteoinductive factors and cell sources to enhance healing outcomes. The usage of Wnt signaling specific agonists as osteoinductive mediators has been recently shown to be a promising strategy for promoting healing, as this pathway is well established to have an important role in both osteogenic differentiation and bone formation processes. Implementation of a localized delivery system through scaffold incorporation is necessary in this scenario, however, to minimize any potential off-target effects caused by the Wnt signaling cascade’s non-specificity to bone. Findings in the literature clearly show that this approach holds promise to improve clinical healing outcomes, paving the way for more effective treatment options. In this review, we will generally discuss the design of biomaterials, specifically bulk materials and composites, for the treatment of critical size bone defects. Additionally, we will highlight recent work on the design of chitosan-based scaffolds modified with purine crosslinking, to overcome cytotoxicity issues associated with other chemical crosslinkers. In this context, we focus on optimizing material design for this bone healing application and discuss the benefits of localized Wnt agonist as mediators to improve the scaffold’s osteoinductive behavior. Review Fri, 14 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT Celine J.Agnes, Bettina M.Willie, Aldo R.Boccaccini, MaryamTabrizian, Fri, 14 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101327 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101328 Aim: This work aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized with aqueous extract of Stenocereus queretaroensis peel (SAgNPs) in pancreatic ductal cancer cells PANC-1. Methods: Nanoparticles were synthesized using 2 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) and a 1% aqueous extract of Stenocereus queretaroensis peel. SAgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) light spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated in the PANC-1 cell line by measuring the viability percentage with the 3'-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and subsequently the IC50 of SAgNPs. Results: The presence of AgNPs was confirmed by silver surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm. The average size obtained by dynamic light scattering analysis was 98.96 nm, with a spherical and uniform shape according to transmission electron microscopy analysis. SAgNPs were tested at concentrations from 10 µg/mL to 0.3125 µg/mL and presented inhibition percentages from 3.76% to 90.09% with an IC50 value of 3.04 µg/mL (p-value of 0.02, 95% confidence level) in PANC-1 cells. Conclusions: The biologically synthesized nanoparticles with Stenocereus queretaroensis peel showed antiproliferative activity in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, these results suggest their potential use in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer with further investigation. Original Article Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT Ariadna AbigailVillarreal-Amézquita, Ivan MoisesSánchez-Hernández, EduardoPadilla-Camberos, Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101328 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101329 Aim: This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antifungal efficacy of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Verticillium dahliae Kleb., a soil-borne fungal pathogen that affects numerous crops. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized using Laurus nobilis L. (laurel) leaf extract. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, particle size analysis (PSA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro antifungal assays were conducted to assess the impact of AgNPs on V. dahliae mycelial growth, and SEM was used to examine the morphological changes in treated mycelium. Results: UV-VIS spectroscopy confirmed AgNP synthesis with a characteristic SPR peak between 400–450 nm. FTIR analysis identified the presence of phenolic compounds on the nanoparticle surface. Zeta potential analysis (–27.7 mV) indicated stable dispersion. Zeta size analysis indicated an average diameter of approximately 100 nm and a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.229. SEM imaging confirmed a predominantly spherical morphology and PSA revealed a size range of 14–34 nm, with an average diameter of 24 nm. In vitro antifungal assays showed significant inhibition of V. dahliae mycelial growth, with radial mycelial growth reduced to 2.75 cm compared to 4.8–6.4 cm in the control group after 14 days. SEM imaging of treated mycelium revealed pronounced morphological damage, including collapse and shrinkage of hyphae and spores. Conclusions: Green-synthesized AgNPs using L. nobilis leaf extract demonstrated significant antifungal activity against V. dahliae. The observed inhibition of mycelial growth and morphological damage suggests the potential of these AgNPs as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for managing this fungal pathogen. The antifungal mechanism may involve membrane disruption, increased permeability, oxidative stress, and the inactivation of cellular components. Original Article Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT AlpCokislerel, MelisaAyisigi, YigitKucukcobanoglu, PervinGunturkun, Lale YildizAktas, Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101329 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101330 Aim: In this study, the physicochemical properties of stearyl glycyrrhetinate/β-cyclodextrin (SG/βCD) and SG/γCD complexes were characterized, and the complexes were prepared using the co-milling method. The molecular interactions within the SG/CD complexes were also investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements to determine the mode of interaction. Methods: Here, we evaluated the physicochemical properties of SG complexes with CDs prepared by ground mixtures (GM SG/βCD or γCD = 1/1, 1/2). Results: Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) showed that the characteristic SG and CD peaks disappeared after co-grinding with GM (SG/CD = molar ratio of 1/2), indicating a halo pattern. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements showed that after co-grinding, the endothermic peak due to SG melting, as well as the dehydration peak and the endothermic peak due to SG melting, disappeared. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy results showed that the peaks of SG-derived –CH moieties and CD-derived –OH and –CH moieties broadened in GM, suggesting their involvement in complex formation through SG/CDs intermolecular interactions. In GM (SG/CDs), NMR measurements showed broadened H-A and H-F peaks of the steroid skeleton derived from SG. In GM (SG/βCD = 1/2), the doublet peak, especially OH-3 at the wide edge of CD, shifted to a singlet peak. In GM (SG/γCD = 1/2), the H-3 peak, which is the wide edge of γCD, and the H-6 peak, which is the narrow edge, shifted to broad peaks, suggesting that γCD is deeply encapsulated in the steroidal structure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that complex formation occurred in SG/CDs and that inclusion behavior is different between GM (SG/βCD = 1/2) and GM (SG/γCD = 1/2). Original Article Thu, 27 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT MomokoEbisawa, NaoKodama, Shun-ichiMitomo, JunkiTomita, MitsuakiSuzuki, YutakaInoue, Thu, 27 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101330 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101331 A potential solution for prosthetic heart valves is tissue-engineered heart valves. Tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs) are designed to replicate the complex properties found in natural tissues, such as stiffness, anisotropy, and composition and organization of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Electrospinning is regarded as a highly versatile and innovative approach for fabricating numerous fibrous designs. In this review, we discuss recent developments in electrospun heart valve scaffolds, including scaffold materials, cell types, and electrospinning setups used to prepare aligned nanofibers. Despite the fact that natural biomaterials provided excellent biocompatibility, nanofibers from synthetic materials provided the required mechanical compatibility. Accordingly, most studies highlighted the benefits of designing composite heart valves using biological and synthetic polymers. Various strategies, such as the application of motorized mandrel and micropatterned collector in electrospinning were effective in controlling nanofiber alignment. Studies also showed that aligned nanofiber’s mechanical strength and anisotropic structure promote cell proliferation, and differentiation, and promote attachment. Numerous studies have reported that multiple cell sources are suitable for producing heart valves. Successful results were obtained with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), since they provide a convenient cell source for cellularization of valve leaflets. A higher conductivity of scaffolds was achieved by using biomaterials that conduct electricity, such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and carbon nanotubes, which resulted in better differentiation of precursor cells to cardiomyocytes and higher cell beating rates. In light of these attributes, nanofibrous scaffolds produced through electrospinning are expected to offer numerous advantages for tissue engineering and medical applications in the near future. However, multiple challenges were identified as cell infiltration and 2D nature of nanofiber mats necessitate further engineering approaches in electrospinning procedure leaflet production. Review Thu, 27 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT BetülGürbüz, ElifBalikci, Erkan TürkerBaran, Thu, 27 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101331 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101332 Mineral nanoparticles and osteoinductive biomaterials are essential in advancing bone regeneration by addressing skeletal conditions and injuries that compromise structural integrity and functionality. These biomaterials stimulate the differentiation of precursor cells into osteoblasts, creating biocompatible environments conducive to bone tissue regeneration. Among the most promising innovations, mineral-based nanoparticles and nanocomposite hydrogels have emerged as effective strategies for enhancing osteoinductive potential. This review explores the diverse types of osteoinductive biomaterials, including natural sources, synthetic compounds, and hybrid designs that incorporate mineralized nanoparticles. Emphasis is placed on polymeric hydrogels as delivery platforms for these materials, highlighting their dual role as structural supports and bioactive agents that promote osteogenesis. Challenges such as immune rejection, biodegradability, mechanical stability, and short in vivo residence time are critically discussed, alongside their impact on clinical translation. By presenting a comprehensive analysis of mechanisms, applications, and limitations, this review identifies opportunities for integrating osteoinductive biomaterials with emerging fields like immunology and biomechanics. Ultimately, this work aims to provide actionable insights and advance the development of novel, clinically relevant solutions that improve patient outcomes and address the growing global need for effective bone repair and regeneration. Review Mon, 17 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT Cho-EChoi, ArghyaPaul, Mon, 17 Mar 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101332 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101333 Aim: To show that a wireless-powered thrombolytic filter can be used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as an alternative to the existing VTE therapies, which have serious side effects. Methods: The wireless-powered thrombolytic filter that we propose combines the positive attributes of anticoagulants and thrombolytics, through the capture and dissolution of blood clots, without the associated adverse effects of existing treatments. The filter absorbs radio-frequency energy from a source and converts it into heat at the thrombolytic filter. Results: We used computer simulations with COMSOL and lab experiments to demonstrate that a wireless-powered thrombolytic filter can be heated up through the absorption of radio-frequency energy from an external source. Conclusions: We demonstrate that a wireless-powered thrombolytic filter has the potential to be used in the treatment of VTE, since it can be designed to absorb energy from an external radio-frequency source and convert it to heat that is sufficient to dissolve blood clots captured by the thrombolytic filter. Original Article Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT Nolan G.Schwarz, DhanushkaWijesinghe, Ivan T.Lima, Wed, 02 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101333 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101334 Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the deformability and strength of silicone breast implant shells from different manufactures as a function of implantation time. Methods: The strength properties of about 200 shells of Eurosilicone, Mentor, Motiva, Allergan, Arion, PIP silicone breast implants removed for various reasons during repeated surgeries with a period of stay in the body from 6 months to 29 years were measured and compared with the corresponding properties of four shells of unused Eurosilicone and Motiva implants. Deformation was measured using a videoXtens extensometer. Results: The mechanical properties of the Allergan implant shell are almost completely consistent with the properties of the Eurosilicone shell after 9 years of use. The Mentor implants showed greater strength and stiffness. The Motiva implant shells initially had higher ultimate properties—rupture stress and rupture strain—in comparison with the Eurosilicone implant shells. Conclusions: The strength and deformation properties of all examined breast implant shells decrease in the course of time. After 13 years of use, the strength of breast implants is halved and their rupture strain is reduced by one third. The main mechanism responsible for loss of strength is the accumulation of microdamages during long-term use of breast implants. The thickness of the nano-textured shells of Motiva implants is twice less of the Eurosilicone implant shell thickness. This was possible due to a significant increase in the mechanical properties of Motiva shells. Original Article Thu, 10 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT Vladimir V.Shadrin, Sergei A.Plaksin, Violetta A.Platunova, Thu, 10 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101334 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101335 Aim: This study evaluated the impact of retinal extracellular matrix (ECM) and key biomaterial substrates on the motility of transplantable retinal cells with genomic manipulation, using the therapeutic molecule, Topoisomerase II beta (Top2b), as a model. Methods: Tests first applied in ovo electroporation to examine the effects of a pharmacological Top2b inhibitor (ICRF-193) on progenitor motility and development of embryonic retina. Complementary qRT-PCR tests measured changes in select cadherin molecules in response to treatment. In vitro transfection produced cultured retinal progenitor cell groups with Top2b overexpression and Top2b knockdown. Differences in the adhesion and motility of Top2b altered groups, compared to wildtype cells, were measured upon biomaterial substrates used in emerging transplantation matrixes. Results: Data illustrated significant differences in the number and spacing of retinal ganglion cells when retina was treated with ICRF-193, as well as downregulation of several key cadherin molecules. Cultured retinal progenitors with Top2b knockdown and Top2b overexpression exhibited different expression of chemotactic receptors, adhesion parameters, and modalities of migration upon substrates of laminin, poly-L-lysine, and collagen IV. Significant changes in cell morphology and surface area were also measured compared to wildtype cells. Conclusions: Corroborating in vivo and in vitro data support Top2b as a therapeutic target for retinal progenitor motility but indicate significant differences in the migration of Top2b altered cells upon substrates used in transplantation. These data highlight the therapeutic advantages of bioinspired materials developed to aid the motility of replacement cells with modified genetic expression to improve transplantation outcomes across the nervous system. Original Article Tue, 15 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT Alexandra C.Dabrowski, Alexandria R.Logan, RameshwariRayaji, BriannaRodriguez, LiCai, MaribelVazquez, Tue, 15 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101335 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101336 This review highlights the challenges of current wound healing methods, such as scar formation and limited regeneration, and emphasizes the potential of tissue engineering to address these issues. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has garnered significant attention in epidermal-dermal wound healing due to its exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatile functional properties. This review article delves into the diverse roles of chitosan, with a particular focus on its use as a scaffold material with fine-tunable physicochemical and biological properties for accelerated wound healing. While bare chitosan provides a suitable microenvironment for cell adhesion and proliferation, it exhibits limited mechanical strength and drug-delivery properties. However, combining it with other natural and synthetic polymers and nanoparticles facilitates drug and biosignal delivery and enhances biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the review covers various chemical modifications of chitosan, including quaternization and methacrylation, to improve biocompatibility, water solubility and mechanical strength, for developing advanced wound dressings for effective skin regeneration. The review also discusses various types of smart chitosan hydrogels and the clinical translation of chitosan based scaffolds for wound healing and tissue regeneration applications. Finally, it discusses the integration of 3D bioprinting techniques for creating complex, cell-incorporated scaffolds for advanced wound healing therapies. Review Thu, 24 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT Athira S.Dev, NeethuMohan, RenuMohan, Thu, 24 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101336 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101337 Aim: Multifunctional nanomaterials with photodynamic-sonodynamic therapy (PSDT) potential offer significant advantages in cancer treatment. However, designing and preparing single-component “two-in-one” multifunctional nanomaterials remains challenging. Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), a second-generation porphyrin-related sonosensitizer, is a porphyrin derivative with two asymmetric carboxyl groups. Notably, the carboxyl groups in HMME can coordinate with metal ions to construct metal-organic coordination nanomaterials (MCPs). Titanium (Ti), a biocompatible metal element, is commonly used in medical devices such as implantable metal alloys. Therefore, this study reported the synthesis of “two-in-one” type Ti-HMME coordination nanomaterials (TiCPs) as efficient nanoscale photo/sonosensitizers. Methods: Under a nitrogen atmosphere, TiCPs were synthesized via self-assembly between HMME and Ti4+ ions. Results: The average particle size of TiCPs was approximately 70 nm. Additionally, TiCPs contained the photo/sonosensitizer HMME, which could convert O2 into cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light and ultrasound (US) excitation. The generation of ROS could be detected using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). When the mixed solution (TiCPs + DPBF) was irradiated with light, the DPBF peak rapidly decreased with increasing irradiation time, indicating the production of ROS by TiCPs under light. Similarly, the absorbance of TiCPs + DPBF significantly decreased with increasing US time, demonstrating the sonodynamic effect of TiCPs + US. After 10 min of light or US excitation, 49.4% (Light) and 38.1% (US) of DPBF were oxidized by ROS generated by TiCPs, showcasing excellent photodynamic/sonodynamic effects. In vitro cell experiments further demonstrated that TiCPs had excellent biocompatibility, could be effectively internalized by cells, and significantly reduced cell viability under light and US excitation, effectively killing tumor cells. Conclusions: This study not only demonstrated TiCPs as “two-in-one” type multifunctional nanomaterials for PSDT but also provided insights into designing other photo/sonosensitizer molecules with similar HMME structures for tumor theranostics. Original Article Thu, 24 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT WeiWang, WenquanHuang, LiuHuang, YanLi, ShuzhangXiao, HaichuangLan, PengGeng, Thu, 24 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101337 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101338 Metal 3D printing has revolutionized the fabrication of biometallic prostheses and implants, offering unprecedented design flexibility, patient-specific customization, and enhanced biomechanical performance. This review explores the current advancements in metal additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, including selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), directed energy deposition (DED), sheet lamination, stereolithography (SLA), and binder jetting, for processing biocompatible metals such as titanium, cobalt-chromium, and stainless steel. The article discusses major benefits, such as enhanced osseointegration, complex lattice architectures for weight saving, and optimized mechanical properties. The challenges of residual stresses, surface finish, and regulatory issues are also discussed. The review concludes by defining future research avenues in material design, process development, and clinical translation to increase the efficacy and reliability of 3D-printed biometal implants. Review Tue, 13 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT ApurbaDas, PradhyutRajkumar, Tue, 13 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101338 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101339 Aim: Acute cutaneous injuries and refractory chronic wounds represent prevalent clinical challenges in daily life. To address the impediments to wound healing, we propose a novel hydrogel-based therapeutic approach designed to prevent bacterial invasion, mitigate infection-induced persistent inflammatory responses, and reduce excessive oxidative stress, thereby enhancing the wound healing process. Methods: This study presents a method for preparing hyaluronic acid/silk fibroin (HA/SF) composite hydrogels via photo-crosslinking. HA and SF were respectively modified via methacrylation and glycidyl methacrylate to synthesize HAMA and SFMA. Mussel-inspired catechol groups were then grafted onto HAMA chain segments to prepare precursor HAC. Under photo-initiator LAP, polymerization was triggered to ultimately form a hydrogel network integrating mechanical toughness and tissue adhesiveness. Composite hydrogels with varying degrees of crosslinking are synthesized by adjusting the SFMA content. Results: The results demonstrate that this hydrogel can effectively achieve hemostasis within 20 seconds. Lap shear testing revealed that the HASF-gel-2 hydrogel exhibited the highest maximum adhesive strength of 160.3 kPa among all experimental groups. Furthermore, while the cell viability of the control group was normalized to 1, the composite hydrogel groups displayed values of 1.015, 1.085, 1.136, and 1.263, respectively, indicating favorable biocompatibility. The appropriate incorporation of SF was shown to enhance cellular proliferation. On day 3 post-wounding, the HASF hydrogel group demonstrated a wound closure rate of 41.7%, outperforming commercial products under identical conditions. Conclusions: In rat wound models, the HASF composite hydrogel significantly accelerated wound healing progression. Original Article Fri, 23 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT ShujingLi, WenshengPan, MaohuChen, RuyueWang, FengChen, Fri, 23 May 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101339 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101340 Bone tissue engineering (BTE) represents a cutting-edge approach to treating critical-sized bone defects, complex fractures, and degenerative bone diseases by promoting the regeneration of functional bone tissue. A crucial element in this process is the design and optimization of scaffolds that emulate the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), supporting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation necessary for bone regeneration. Polymers are widely used in scaffold fabrication. They offer versatility, biocompatibility, and tunable properties that are essential for tissue engineering. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of polymeric scaffolds in BTE, focusing on synthetic and natural polymers, composite scaffold designs, and the fabrication techniques employed to enhance their performance. Key design criteria, such as scaffold porosity, mechanical properties, and biodegradability, are discussed in the context of facilitating optimal bone regeneration. Additionally, we explore functionalization strategies to improve biological interactions, such as the incorporation of growth factors and surface modifications, and evaluate in vivo performance to highlight clinical potential. The paper also addresses current challenges, including the need for enhanced mechanical strength and controlled degradation, while offering insights into future directions for the development of polymeric scaffolds in bone tissue regeneration therapies. Review Thu, 26 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT AshkanFarazin, Seyedeh FarnazDarghiasi, Thu, 26 Jun 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101340 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101341 Aim: Zinc is essential for normal bone growth and can promote bone regeneration. Processed human bone allograft treated with zinc shows improved bone formation activity. Various factors were tested for effects on zinc binding to bone allograft with the long-term goal of developing methods to enhance the bone formation activity and safety of bone allograft in orthopaedic applications. Methods: The amount of zinc bound to allograft was measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fluorescent visualization of zinc bound to allograft was accomplished using Zinpyr-1. The potential anti-microbial property of zinc-treated allograft was measured by exposing allograft to Staphylococcus aureus. After washing, the exposed allograft was cultured in bacterial media to measure residual Staphylococcus aureus. Data were analyzed using standard parametric methods. Results: Rapid binding of zinc to bone allograft (1–15 min) was relatively insensitive to zinc concentration, incubation time, pH, or divalent cation competition. In contrast, zinc salt counter ions had significant effects, with zinc acetate producing more rapid zinc binding than zinc chloride or zinc picolinate. The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to contaminate bone allograft was also significantly reduced by prior zinc treatment. Conclusions: The study results provide guidelines for modifying the processing of bone allograft to enhance bone formation activity while also improving the resistance of the allograft to bacterial contamination. Original Article Tue, 08 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT ThomasHelbig, James F.Thornton, Darian A.Napoleon, Luke G.Menken, JohnFlacco, JosephMiceli, KyleAuger, DeboleenaKanjilal, Maya DezaCulbertson, SheldonLin, JosephBenevenia, J. PatrickO’Connor, Tue, 08 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101341 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101342 Polymer-based nanoparticles have emerged as powerful multifunctional platforms in cancer theranostics, offering the ability to integrate diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy within a single system. These nanocarriers enable improved tumor localization, enhanced contrast agent delivery, and controlled therapeutic release, addressing limitations associated with conventional contrast agents such as poor specificity, rapid clearance, and systemic toxicity. Advances in polymer chemistry and nanoparticle fabrication methods, including solvent evaporation, nanoprecipitation, emulsion-diffusion, and emulsion polymerization, have allowed precise control over particle size, surface charge, and drug-loading efficiency, optimizing biodistribution and imaging performance. Hybrid polymer-inorganic nanoparticles further expand functionality by incorporating magnetic, optical, or radiopaque components, enabling multimodal imaging and stimuli-responsive drug release while maintaining biocompatibility. Key factors influencing the efficiency of polymer nanoparticle-based contrast agents include physicochemical properties such as particle size, morphology, surface functionalization, and responsiveness to tumor microenvironmental stimuli. These attributes collectively govern circulation time, cellular uptake, and accumulation in tumor tissues via passive and active targeting strategies. While promising, the clinical translation of these systems faces challenges including immunogenicity, pharmacokinetic variability, long-term safety concerns, and manufacturing scalability. Recent innovations in ligand functionalization, biomimetic coatings, and multifunctional nanoparticle design continue to advance therapeutic specificity and imaging precision, positioning polymer nanoparticles as versatile candidates for personalized oncologic care. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current methods for contrast agent integration, the role of physicochemical properties in performance, biological interactions, safety considerations, recent design innovations, translational barriers, and future research directions for polymer nanoparticle-based cancer theranostics. Review Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT KaylinShanahan, DanielCoen, WanisNafo, Wed, 30 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101342 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101343 Aim: Plants possess tremendous medicinal properties which have been supposed to be promising candidates for biomedical applications, especially in the field of nanobiotechnology. To analyze one such view, the current study was adopted to synthesize gold nanoparticles (Au*nps) by employing the extract of Murraya koenigii (EMk) for the evaluation of phenolics, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hemolytic, and biocompatible activities. Methods: The synthesis process was carried out in a single step by mixing EMk and gold salt (Au salt) solution and monitored using UV/Visible spectroscopy. The process was optimized via variation in environmental variables. Characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) were employed. In vitro biological activities (total phenolic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hemolytic) using different concentrations of Au*nps along with EMk were assessed. An in vivo histopathology study on Wistar rats was analyzed. Results: The band of Au*nps was observed at 540 nm, which showed successful synthesis. The FTIR spectra of Au*nps indicated the role of different functional groups (alkane, aromatic ester, thiol, nitro, and aldehyde) of EMk during synthesis. The TEM analysis illustrated a 50 nm size of Au*nps; SEM showed the presence of some aggregates; EDX represented elemental nature, and XRD proved the crystalline nature of these Au*nps. The Au*nps possessed significant phenolic content and displayed prominent antioxidant activities by quenching free radicals. Similarly, momentous inhibitory action was observed against microbial strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The hemolytic study showed the least to non-toxic effect of these nanoparticles on red blood cells (RBCs) even at enhanced concentration. Histopathology study showed fair compatibility without inducing any apparent pathological lesions on the liver tissues of Wistar rats. Conclusions: Plausibly, all the above investigations strongly emphasized the use of medicinal plant-based Au*nps for biological applications. Original Article Wed, 06 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT SumairaMumtaz, IetzazHusain, Muhammad JavidIqbal, Wed, 06 Aug 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101343 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101344 This review presents key molecular biology techniques used to investigate interactions between biomaterials and biological systems, emphasizing their role in evaluating biocompatibility and cellular responses. We focus on methodologies such as recombinant DNA technology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). These tools enable the detection and quantification of gene and protein expression, particularly those involved in inflammation and tissue regeneration, providing molecular-level insights into how cells respond to biomaterial cues. We discuss the relevance of these techniques in identifying inflammatory markers, tracking cell differentiation, and understanding tissue integration processes, as well as how their implementation faces technical challenges, including interference from the physicochemical properties of biomaterials, difficulties in sample preparation, and the standardization of protocols across different platforms. Addressing these limitations is vital to ensure data reliability and reproducibility. Looking ahead, we highlight emerging opportunities involving the integration of 3D imaging technologies and artificial intelligence to manage and interpret high-dimensional biological data. This article also serves as a practical tool for emerging investigators who are entering the field of biomaterials, offering accessible guidance on the selection and application of essential molecular biology techniques. These innovations promise to accelerate the rational design of biomaterials tailored to specific clinical applications and patient needs. In conclusion, molecular biology techniques provide a foundational toolkit for characterizing biological responses to biomaterials, supporting the development of safer and more effective therapeutic materials and empowering emerging investigators to contribute meaningfully to the next generation of biomedical solutions. Review Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT Pedro UlisesMunoz-Gonzalez, Luz OfeliaEspitia-Mendez, DiegoSosa-Reyes, JosefaMéndez-Meza, JacobSierra-Lemus, UrielSalazar-Arenas, BirzabithMendoza-Novelo, Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101344 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101348 Indications for resection of maxillofacial and mandibular skeletal structures include extirpation of benign and malignant tumors, trauma, and congenital defects. Reconstruction of these structures often demands free tissue transfer incorporating bone and/or soft tissue with placement of rigid titanium implants to span the bony defect and anchor the autologous bone. Historically, such implants were mass-produced in standard formats, requiring manual bending during surgery to the patient’s specific bony anatomy. Recent technological and manufacturing advancements have permitted the use of three-dimensional (3D) printed, patient-specific maxillofacial and mandibular reconstructive prosthetics and implants. Preoperative 3D printing of patient-specific prosthetics and implants composed of titanium has revolutionized maxillofacial and mandibular reconstructive surgery and has been associated with improvements in operative efficiency, enhanced functional outcomes, and reduced complication rates in early studies. Herein, we review the history and current state of metal 3D printing of prosthetics and implants for head and neck oncologic reconstruction and posit future directions for innovation and surgical refinement in this area. Review Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT Joshua D.Smith, Micah K.Harris, AnishGhodadra, Kevin J.Contrera, ShaumSridharan, Steven B.Chinn, Matthew E.Spector, Mon, 13 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101348 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101349 Graphene-based nanomaterials are promising candidates for neuromuscular regeneration due to their electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and functionalizability. In this perspective, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a one-step green process using Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts. The extracts acted as reducing and stabilizing agents and left bioactive catechins and polyphenols adsorbed on the graphene surface. The resulting nanocomposites combined structural support, electrical conductivity, and bioactive molecular modulation. rGO can provide scaffolding for cell growth, while the retained plant metabolites contributed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Incorporation of metallic nanoparticles enhanced mechanical strength, surface reactivity, and antimicrobial properties. These multifunctional graphene-metal nanocomposites offer a sustainable and biocompatible platform for guiding neuromuscular regeneration and represent a promising basis for future clinical translation. Perspective Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT Rodolfo DanielÁvila-Avilés, Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101349 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101350 Aim: To evaluate the precision of computer-assisted surgery simulation in mandibular condyle reconstruction using a costochondral graft. Methods: Ten patients (mean age: 14.5 years) with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology and associated pain were included in the study. All patients underwent TMJ reconstruction using costochondral grafts planned through computer-assisted surgical simulation. Preoperative assessment included mouth opening, facial asymmetry, and the differences between planned and actual mandibular positioning. Results: Postoperative mouth opening was significantly improved in all patients, and facial profile modifications were enhanced. The site of the costochondral graft relative to the glenoid fossa was found to be satisfactory in postoperative radiographs, computed tomography images, and quantitative analysis. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that virtual surgical planning combined with 3D-printed guiding templates enhanced treatment planning, provided precise osteotomy guidance, facilitated accurate repositioning of bony segments, and improved the contouring of mandibular anatomy in the management of TMJ deformities (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06811415). Original Article Thu, 30 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT Marwa TahaIbrahim, Maram NBreshah, Thu, 30 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101350 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101352 Aim: Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) often result in a diminished quality of life for those affected and are the most common nervous system injury, with limited treatment options. Regenerative medicine presents novel biomaterial and cell-based therapies to repair the damaged tissue. Graphene oxide (GO), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to serve as components to treat PNI. This study evaluates the systemic toxicity of GO and xenogenic human MSCs by analyzing the peripheral blood immune phenotype when a novel nerve guidance conduit (NGC) is implanted in a rat model for six months. Methods: A 10-mm long sciatic nerve defect model was created in 8–10-week-old Lewis rats. Four treatment groups were generated: autograft (positive control), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NGC, PLGA NGC with 0.25% GO, and PLGA/GO NGC seeded with 1 × 106 human adipose-derived MSCs. Tail blood was collected before surgery, and at 24 hours, 2 weeks, 2, 3, 5, and 6 months after surgery. Hematological analyses were carried out to evaluate systemic changes, if any, in peripheral immune cell types, namely, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. The treated and contralateral sciatic nerves were excised, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and H&E stained, to identify any local foreign body rejection. Results: Treatment groups with GO and MSCs displayed percent total values of peripheral immune cells equivalent to the autograft at each time point. There was no evidence of an inflammatory response in the histological samples. Conclusions: The lack of changes in immune phenotype demonstrates a lack of nanotoxicity of the graphene nanoparticles and no evidence of adverse effects due to the MSCs. This was further supported by a lack of local foreign body response at the site of implantation. Overall, the PLGA/GO NGC + MSCs construct is biocompatible for six months in a rat PNI model, exhibiting a potential for clinical translation. Original Article Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT Meaghan E.Harley-Troxell, Mohamed A.Abouelkhair, Steven D.Newby, BrianaLewis, David E.Anderson, MadhuDhar, Tue, 09 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101352 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101353 Luminescent markers have been widely used in medicine, biology, agrotechnology, and for marking nuclear wastes and consumer goods. The high sensitivity and selectivity of the markers/labels allow the detection of various substances and the obtaining of valuable information about the distribution of constituents in specific media. This review describes the state of the art in luminescent marking/labeling of various cellulose forms, including nanosized ones, cellulose derivatives, and cellulose-containing materials. The importance of this consideration is explained by the role of cellulose and its derivatives in human life and their overall impact on mankind’s development. The structure and luminescence properties of cellulose and other related materials and cellulose derivatives are discussed from the viewpoint of cellulose luminescent “self-labeling”. It is shown that dyes, organic molecules, and organic-inorganic complexes, as well as inorganic dielectric and semiconductor micro/nanoparticles, can be effectively applied for the purposes of cellulose luminescent marking/labeling. This review discusses various application examples and explains the performance and mechanisms of various systems labeling (e.g., dye-cellulose, quantum dot-cellulose complex) in these applications. The review not only comprehensively summarizes existing approaches to luminescent labeling of cellulose-containing materials. It also highlights problematic issues that arise for developers of new luminescent markers (quenching of luminescence in an aqueous environment, the need to functionalize the luminescent marker material, etc.). At the same time, this work demonstrates the prospects for luminescent labeling data in modern digital technologies, particularly in the Internet of Things (IoT). Review Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT ViktorBorysiuk, VitaliiChornii, SerhiiNedilko, Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101353 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101354 Not applicable. Commentary Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT KeYu, SiyuanPeng, XinPan, ZhengweiHuang, WenhaoWang, Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101354 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101355 Aim: Osimertinib’s clinical application is limited by poor aqueous solubility and systemic toxicity. Nano-niosomal formulations can address these challenges by providing controlled release and enhancing delivery. To develop and systematically evaluate nano-niosomal formulations of osimertinib using different surfactants, focusing on physicochemical characteristics, release kinetics, and cytotoxic activity. Methods: Four niosomal formulations were prepared using Span 60, Tween 60, Pluronic F-127, and Brij 52 (each at a 1:1 cholesterol-to-surfactant ratio). Particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were measured. In vitro drug release was analyzed using Franz diffusion cells and fitted to standard kinetic models. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay in KAIMRC-2, MDA-MB231, and HCT-116 cell lines. Vesicle morphology was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Results: All nano-niosomal formulations showed nanoscale particle sizes (47–292 nm), negative zeta potentials (−18.7 to −26.5 mV), and high entrapment efficiencies (69.8%–76.2%). Release studies indicated Span 60, Tween 60, and Pluronic F-127 followed diffusion-controlled kinetics (Higuchi/Korsmeyer–Peppas model, R2 up to 0.97), while Brij 52 provided a sustained zero-order release (R2 = 0.98). Compared to free osimertinib, all niosomal systems significantly prolonged release. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that all formulations enhanced anti-cancer effects, with Span 60-based niosomes exhibiting the greatest potency across cell lines. Conclusions: Optimized nano-niosomal encapsulation of osimertinib enables sustained and controlled drug release, improved cellular uptake, and enhanced cytotoxicity in vitro. Differences in surfactant composition critically influence formulation performance, supporting the further development of niosomal osimertinib as a promising strategy for oncological drug delivery applications. Original Article Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT SamiahAlhabardi, AlanoodAlmurshedi, ShahadAlnassar, SarahAlshabanah, NorahAlsabih, AseelAlotaibi, LatifaAlzaid, ShahadAlahmari, AmeraAlanteet, Tue, 23 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101355 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101356 Hydrogels are among the most intensively studied biomaterials for controlled drug delivery, yet translation to routine clinical practice has been limited by rapid diffusion of small molecules and instability of biologics. In their recent report in Nature Nanotechnology (Pogostin et al., 2025, DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-01981-6), a team from Rice University and collaborators present a nanofibrous supramolecular peptide hydrogel system that addresses these challenges through the incorporation of dynamic covalent chemistry. The SABER (Self-Assembling Boronate Ester Release) platform introduces reversible boronate ester bonds between engineered peptide fibers and boronic acid modified therapeutics, creating a tunable and long-acting drug release system. Proof-of-concept applications included tuberculosis therapy, diabetes management, and prolonged antibody delivery, demonstrating both versatility and clinical relevance. In this Commentary, I situate this advance within the broader trajectory of hydrogel research, highlight the conceptual novelty of dynamic supramolecular interactions, and discuss the opportunities and challenges for clinical translation. I argue that this platform signals a paradigm shift in drug delivery, moving hydrogels from passive depots to dynamic partners in medicine. Commentary Mon, 26 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT DeepakChaurasiya, Mon, 26 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101356 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101357 Aim: Although polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is more hydrophobic than polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in fluorocarbon polymer (FCP) membrane filters, it has been reported that the rate of amyloid fibril formation is faster on PVDF than on PTFE. To clarify whether the effect is due to the membrane’s chemical structure or its hydrophobicity at the membrane interface, studies on amyloid fibril formation were conducted using both hydrophobic and hydrophilic PVDF and PTFE membranes. Methods: Heat-treated insulin (INS) was adsorbed onto the FCP membrane filters. Gaussian integrals were employed to determine the amounts of β-sheet and their abundance ratios by curve fitting of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra. Results: Adsorbed heat-treated INS onto the FCP membrane filters showed a β-sheet form, with a similar or higher affinity in comparison with that of the β-rich concanavalin A. The adsorption followed a sigmoidal curve with a 2-hour lag time, reaching a plateau after 4–5 hours. The spectral patterns of the adsorbed INS indicated the β-sheet form, demonstrating that INS transformed into β-sheet and then, or simultaneously, adsorbed onto the FCP membrane filters. Conclusions: The results regarding the rate and strength of amyloid fibril formation for each FCP membrane filter suggest that, beyond the membrane’s surface hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, other factors, such as the electron affinity of hydrogen in the PVDF membrane, also influence nucleation. This study provides insight into the role of INS in amyloid fibril formation within FCP membrane filters. Original Article Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT KengoMitsuya, ShingoTsurumoto, YuyaKurosawa, RyotaroKoga, TakehisaHanawa, SatoruGoto, Tue, 03 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101357 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101358 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used as a key material in biomedical implants such as artificial joints due to its exceptional wear resistance, high impact strength, and good biocompatibility. However, its inherent bio-inertness, hydrophobicity, risk of osteolysis induced by wear debris, and insufficient mechanical and processing properties severely limit its long-term clinical performance. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the functional enhancement of UHMWPE via hybrid strategies, including surface modifications (e.g., coatings, chemical grafting, laser processing, plasma treatment) and bulk blending modifications (involving both organic and inorganic composites). These approaches have been shown to significantly improve wear resistance, bioactivity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties, while effectively suppressing oxidative degradation and inflammatory responses. The current challenges in modification technologies, such as balancing multiple properties, ensuring long-term biosafety, and achieving clinical translation, are also discussed. Finally, future directions toward multifunctional integration, intelligent responsiveness, and personalized customization of implants are outlined, providing critical insights for the development of next-generation high-performance and long-lasting biomedical materials. Review Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT LeiLi, FanminKong, BenshuaiGuo, ZhonglinYang, DongWang, DonghongZhu, HaoSu, WeizhouYao, YutianDuan, Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101358 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101359 The emergence of stem-cell-derived enamel organoids and dentin-producing dental pulp stem cell constructs presents new possibilities for restoring carious lesions using autologous enamel–dentin inlays. This overview outlines the biological and technological advances supporting this approach and proposes a workflow oriented toward clinical application. The benefits of tissue-based inlays, including inherent biomechanical compatibility, aesthetic accuracy, and potential for biological integration, are contrasted with those of purely artificial materials. Significant regenerative developments include the formation of human enamel organoids and odontoblast-lineage cells in vitro, 3D bioprinting of tooth-shaped constructs with demineralised dentin matrix and poly(ε‑caprolactone) scaffolds, and fibre-guiding periodontal ligament scaffolds that restore Sharpey’s fibres in vivo. The mechanical performance of adhesive resin cements, with bond strengths of approximately 4–7 MPa to enamel and dentin, and their durability in reattaching natural tooth fragments, supports the feasibility of bonding biological inlays. Practical considerations include controlling the slow degradation and hydrophobicity of poly(ε-caprolactone) through the use of ceramic or natural polymer additives, employing multi-material 3D printing to co-print mineralized enamel and cell-laden dentin layers, and achieving the desired shade, microstructure, and mechanical properties, exemplified by a compressive strength of approximately 677 MPa for 3D-printed zirconia crowns. Despite regulatory and translational challenges, the integration of digital dentistry, bioprinting, and stem cell science points toward future “grow and glue” restorations that may replace traditional drill-and-fill methods. Perspective Thu, 12 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT LucaFiorillo, Thu, 12 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101359 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101360 Three-dimensional metal printing has made anatomical perfection readily achievable in orthopaedic reconstruction. Yet, as patient-specific implants transition from salvage solutions to routine applications, a critical question emerges: Does geometric precision improve long-term outcomes, or merely perfect existing problems? The article argues that customization defined by shape alone fails to address fundamental biological constraints, including stiffness mismatch, stress shielding, vascular compromise, and the inevitability of revision surgery. While additive manufacturing enables porous architectures and tailored mechanics, unchecked integration and over-conformity may jeopardize bone preservation and future surgical options. The article further highlights the professional and economic costs of patient-specific workflows and the limitations of static digital planning. True innovation, it is argued, lies not in achieving the “perfect fit,” but in designing implants that participate in bone biology and remain surgically defensible decades after implantation. Perspective Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT FrankTraub, BeatriceJung, TilmannBusse, ErenDemir, FelixWunderlich, Mon, 02 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101360 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101361 Aim: This study aims to develop and validate a transmission electron microscopy (TEM)–based approach for probing nanoscale lipid membrane dynamics by tracking the motion of gold nanoparticles dispersed on membrane surfaces. Methods: Lipid thin films composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) were prepared over 2 μm holes in Quantifoil grids, and 5 nm gold nanocolloids were introduced as tracer particles. Sequential TEM imaging was performed during controlled heating and cooling cycles, and nanoparticle trajectories were analyzed to obtain mean squared displacement (MSD) curves. These measurements enabled quantification of thermally driven membrane dynamics. The temperature dependent behavior was further compared with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of dehydrated lipid samples. Results: DPPC exhibited a pronounced MSD peak near 52.5 °C during the first heating cycle, corresponding to its main phase transition, whereas DOPC showed gradual and continuous mobility changes consistent with its intrinsically disordered acyl chains. Differences between electron beam molecular dynamics (EBMD) and DSC transition temperatures likely arose from dehydration and thin film geometry. Across repeated thermal cycles, DPPC membranes displayed cycle dependent changes in MSD profiles, suggesting annealing induced homogenization and potential beam induced structural alterations. Conclusions: EBMD provides real space, time resolved visualization of nanoscale membrane fluctuations and complements ensemble techniques such as DSC, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The TEM based particle tracking approach reliably distinguishes ordered versus disordered lipid systems and offers a versatile platform for investigating soft biological membranes, including systems containing proteins or heterogeneous lipid compositions. Original Article Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT KazuhiroMio, TakaakiShiina, TatsunariOhkubo, TatsuyaArai, DaisukeSasaki, Yuji C.Sasaki, Wed, 04 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101361 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101362 Antibiotic resistance is a global threat, driven by limited new antimicrobials and rising multidrug-resistant infections. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) combine tunable material properties with antimicrobial functionality, providing biocompatibility, controlled release, and biofilm penetration. LNPs provide key advantages over metallic and polymeric nanocarriers, including high biocompatibility, the ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents, controlled release profiles, and reduced cytotoxicity and immune activation. These features enhance drug stability and bioavailability and may help circumvent bacterial defences such as biofilms and efflux pumps. Robust preclinical evaluation platform of antimicrobial biomaterials requires platforms that capture biologically relevant interactions while remaining ethically and economically feasible. The chick embryo model (CEM) has emerged as a versatile platform for infection studies, bridging conventional in vitro assays and mammalian in vivo models. Its vascularized and developing tissue environment enables assessment of nanoparticle biodistribution, local toxicity, and antimicrobial efficacy within a dynamic biological context. This review critically examines the application of the CEM for evaluating LNP-based antimicrobial systems, highlighting current methodological variability and limitations in experimental standardization. By identifying gaps in protocol harmonisation and comparative assessment, this work outlines opportunities to improve reproducibility and translational relevance. Overall, integrating rationally designed LNP systems with optimised CEMs may accelerate the development of next-generation antimicrobial biomaterials to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. Review Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT MartaRuano, CharlyneOzichi, MikeBedford, Alexander B.Mullen, DonaldKelemen, Valerie A.Ferro, Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101362 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101363 Electrochemical sensors have emerged as powerful tools for the detection and monitoring of neurotransmitters, offering high sensitivity, selectivity, and potential for real-time analysis. Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in regulating various physiological and neurological processes, and imbalances in their levels are linked to a wide range of neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and epilepsy. This review highlights recent advancements in electrochemical sensor technologies for neurotransmitter detection, focusing on innovations that enhance performance through the use of nanomaterials, wearable devices, and multiplexed sensing techniques. The integration of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles has significantly improved sensor sensitivity and selectivity, enabling more accurate detection even at low concentrations. Furthermore, the development of flexible, wearable, and implantable sensors is facilitating continuous, non-invasive monitoring of neurotransmitter levels in real time. Advances in multiplexed sensors are enabling the simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitters, providing a more comprehensive approach to disease diagnosis and management. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain, including issues of selectivity, stability, and long-term monitoring. Nevertheless, electrochemical sensors hold great potential for transforming the way neurological disorders are diagnosed and managed, offering opportunities for personalized, real-time monitoring and more effective treatment strategies. Review Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT MashrufaAkther, ShakilaAkter, Md. RahimUddin, Md. MahmudAlam, Wed, 25 Mar 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101363 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101364 Aim: Cell sheet technology is a transformative approach in epithelial tissue engineering, offering scaffold-free constructs that preserve cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, enabling better integration with host tissues. However, safe and efficient transfer of these fragile sheets remains a critical challenge, limiting their broader clinical adoption. This study aims to develop a facile method for the retrieval and transfer of epithelial cell sheets cultivated over thermo-responsive polymer surfaces (TRPS) using sacrificial films. Methods: Three epithelial cell lines, HCE-S (cornea), HaCaT (skin), and A549 (lung), were cultured on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(NIPA-GMA)) coated TRPS and conventional tissue culture surfaces. Upon reaching confluence, the dishes were incubated below the lower critical solution temperature to induce phase transition in TRPS. Subsequently, sacrificial films made of polyethylene oxide, gelatin and their blend were used to lift and transfer the cell sheets to new culture dishes containing a minimal amount of culture medium. Additional medium was then added to dissolve the film, allowing the cell sheet to settle gently onto the dish surface. Results: In all three epithelial cell types, a continuous, confluent cell sheet was visible on the TRPS prior to transfer. Subsequent to temperature lowering and sacrificial film assisted transfer, the master TRPS dish exhibited a distinct void corresponding to the sheet removal, confirming successful detachment. The transferred sheets reattached successfully and maintained over a one-week observation period. Conclusions: The sacrificial film-based transfer method provided a gentle, efficient and scalable alternative for handling cell sheets from TRPS. This approach enhances the translational potential of cell sheet engineering and supports its integration into clinical workflows for epithelial tissue regeneration. Original Article Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT SethulakshmiVS, Anil KumarPR, ChitraRaghavan, NareshKasoju, Thu, 30 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101364 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101365 The search for inexpensive raw materials for chitin production has led to the exploration of various natural resources, including some less conventional ones, such as plants and waste from the processing of various animals. In this context, the production of chitin from chicken bones and feet has been reported, attracting attention as a cheap and widely available source in some regions. However, to the best of our knowledge, birds do not possess genes that encode chitin synthases, the enzymes responsible for chitin biosynthesis. Therefore, this study analyzes the results reported in related articles, especially their FTIR spectra, to assess when the obtained material can be identified as chitin. The analysis revealed that, in some cases, there is poor agreement between the signals in these spectra and the characteristic signals established for well-characterized chitins, while in others, the spectra exhibit signals with a high noise-to-signal ratio that limits their use for identification. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction studies reported in some of these works provide scarce support to confirm the presence of chitin in these materials. A search of two specialized databases confirmed that, to date, no results have been reported for genes expressing chitin synthases in birds. Finally, some recommendations are offered for properly addressing the studies necessary for the unambiguous identification of these materials. Commentary Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT CristóbalLárez-Velásquez, Mon, 11 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101365 https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101366 Aim: In biosensor technology, reliable attachment of protein-based probes requires careful control of the orientation of the probe molecule on the biosensor surface. In this regard, polyhistidine peptide became an attractive target for on surface immobilization. The present contribution details the total synthesis and the surface chemistry of a new antifouling organotrichlorosilane linker bearing a head function designed to immobilize the imidazole side chain of histidine for future immobilizations with polyhistidine peptide onto biosensor surface. Methods: A novel organotrichlorosilane linker bearing the ethylene glycol backbone and a 2-chloroethyl sulfone head function (which can be converted to the vinyl sulfone group for subsequent attachment with imidazole) were synthesized via a multiple-step synthesis and carefully characterized. Surface modifications using the synthesized novel organotrichlorosilane linker, subsequent conversion to vinyl sulfone head function, and treatment with N-protected histidine were demonstrated on black lithium niobate substrate. Results: Novel organotrichlorosilane linker was successfully synthesized, though it was also observed that organotrichlorosilane linker was quite moisture reactive. Surface characterizations also indicated successful modification of lithium niobate with the novel organotrichlorosilane linker as well as presence of N-protected histidine on the lithium niobate surface post-immobilization. Conclusions: A novel organotrichlorosilane linker bearing the 2-chloroethylsulfone group was successfully synthesized and successful immobilization with N-protected histidine was demonstrated. The surface chemistry demonstrated onto lithium niobate herein is immediately applicable for future on-surface immobilization of protein-based probe molecules bearing polyhistidine moieties. Original Article Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT EdmundChan, AnastasiosKavouris, MichaelThompson, Thu, 21 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/ebmx/Article/101366