Activation of eosinophils and mast cells in dysregulated type 2 immunity may play key roles in allergic diseases. Eosinophils are linked to the pathobiology of multiple human diseases, including eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), Kimura’s disease, hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), rheumatoid lesions, allergy, asthma, and some forms of heart disease etc. Eosinophils are part of the innate immune response involved in combating multicellular parasites and some infections. Mast cells play a key role in allergies, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic dermatitis (eczema), allergic rhinitis (hay fever), anaphylaxis, asthma, and mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). Mast cells can also play a key role in eosinophilic diseases. Eosinophils respond to interleukin 5 (IL-5) and chemotactic chemokine eosinophil chemotactic factor (eotaxin) released from activated mast cells. Mast cells can be activated by fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor bound immunoglobulin E (IgE) and G (IgG) antibodies bound to allergens and viruses. Cross talk between eosinophils and mast cells can result in chronic inflammations or eosinophilias. Vasoconstriction of capillaries by histamine contracted pericytes is also predicted to contribute to a subset of these diseases. This article proposes that for these diseases, activation of mast cells is a key step in disease pathogenesis. Targeting activated mast cells in these diseases are potential adjunctive therapies to evaluate in clinical studies. A review of relevant eosinophilia literature is presented that supports the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of multiple allergic and eosinophilia diseases.

Since January 2024, in Albania, we have noted an increased number of visits because of Bordetella pertussis affecting all age groups. The increased numbers reflect increased circulation of Bordetella pertussis in Albania. Increasing cases of Bordetella pertussis are noticed in different European countries (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Increase of pertussis cases in the EU/EEA. 2024.), and its appearance represents a public health problem to be addressed correctly such as introducing the booster dosage of Bordetella pertussis vaccine in the preschool, teenagers and pregnancy, identifying the contacts and early beginning of post-exposure prophylaxis are very important for preventing the burden of Bordetella pertussis and its fatalities.