Chronic urticaria, or hives, is a dermatological response that results in pruritic wheals. Chronic urticaria refers to welts that last for a duration exceeding six weeks and recur often over extended periods, ranging from months to years. Frequently, the etiology of persistent urticaria remains uncertain [1]. Chronic urticaria is a debilitating disease that considerably affects health-related quality of life (QOL). It disrupts both personal satisfaction and daily activities; the health condition of some sufferers resembles that of individuals with coronary artery disease or severe asthma. Additionally, it disrupts family dynamics, impairs performance at work or school, and diminishes the enjoyment of leisure activities.

There is presently no cure for chronic urticaria, and all available treatment methods aim to manage and avoid the symptoms of this condition. Second-generation H1-antihistamines are the recommended treatments at conventional dosages, and can also be used at high doses as an alternative option. A recent analysis found that only 39% of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria have a positive response to conventional doses of second-generation H1-antihistamines. However, 63% of those who do not react to the standard dosages see improvement when given higher doses of second-generation H1-antihistamines [2]. Cyproheptadine is a first-generation antihistamine with additional characteristics, such as serotonin receptor antagonism. In addition to its antihistamine properties, cyproheptadine is occasionally employed to enhance appetite and facilitate weight gain [3–5]. Cyproheptadine, despite being a first-generation antihistamine, is sometimes considered in the management of chronic urticaria that is not well-controlled with second-generation antihistamines. Second-generation antihistamines, such as cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine, are typically the first line of treatment due to their efficacy and lower sedative effects compared to first-generation antihistamines [6, 7]. With this background, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral cyproheptadine and antihistamine as compared to montelukast and antihistamine in adult patients with chronic urticaria not controlled with the highest dose of at least two antihistamines.

The total sample size fulfilled the eligibility criteria and was considered for analysis. The average age of the patients was 40.9 ± 13.8 years, and 48.5% of the patients were males. There was no missing data. The demographic characteristics, medical history, and treatment history of the patients are enumerated in Table 1. The demographic characteristics of the patients in the two groups did not differ significantly at baseline. Loratidine was the most common antihistamine used in both groups.

At the end of four months, there were significant improvements in the UAS7 and CU-Q₂oL scores in both groups and the DLQI score in group A as compared to the corresponding baseline values. However, the improvements were more marked in group A, as confirmed by the significant differences in the inter-group scores between the two groups at the end of 4 months (Table 2). There was a 69.4% reduction in the UAS7 in group A as compared to 39.9% in group B (difference of 29.5%). There was a 62.5% reduction in the CU-Q₂oL score in group A as compared to 26.5% in group B (difference of 36%). There was a 73.7% reduction in the DLQI score in group A as compared to 12.5% in group B (difference of 61.2%). The background second-generation antihistamines used at the end of four months are detailed in Table 3.

Regarding the patient-reported adverse events, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients in group A as compared to those in group B who complained of daytime sedation and weight gain at the end of 4 months. The distributions of other adverse events (nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, dry mouth, and blurred vision) were similar in both groups. A detailed distribution of patient-reported adverse events in both groups is provided in Table 4.

Chronic urticaria presents a continuous difficulty, characterised by recurring hives and/or angioedema that remain for more than six weeks. Although second-generation antihistamines are widely used in treatment protocols, some patients do not receive sufficient relief or have side effects that they cannot tolerate. As a result, it is necessary to explore other therapeutic techniques [9, 10]. Our study, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, demonstrated a significant improvement in patients treated with cyproheptadine after 4 months of UAS7 when compared to patients with standard of care (SOC) only. It is well established that treatment with antihistamines significantly reduces the UAS7 compared to non-treated patients [11, 12]. Second-generation antihistamines such as cetirizine, loratadine, fexofenadine, levocetirizine, and desloratadine are commonly prescribed due to their effectiveness and minimal sedative effects, certain individuals with chronic urticaria may experience resistance to these medications or encounter undesirable side effects [9, 13–15].

Cyproheptadine, a first-generation antihistamine that also blocks serotonin receptors, shows promise as a potential treatment for chronic urticaria that does not respond to second-generation antihistamines. Cyproheptadine, unlike other first-generation antihistamines, has a dual mode of action that can provide distinct benefits in some situations, despite the common sedative effects associated with this class of drugs [16, 17]. Our data also showed significant improvement in the CU-Q₂oL value in cyproheptadine-treated patients as compared to the patients with SOC, which corroborates previous studies [18, 19]. Cyproheptadine’s inhibition of the histamine H1 receptor specifically targets the histaminergic aspect of urticaria, effectively alleviating itching and the formation of raised, red skin lesions known as wheals [20–22]. Moreover, its ability to counteract the effects of serotonin receptors may enhance its effectiveness in situations where serotonin is involved in the development of chronic urticaria [23, 24]. Cyproheptadine is still readily available and, in much of the country where the study was done, is available over the counter, which explains its persistent use in ordinary clinical practice where more recent biologic therapies might be less readily available.

In this study, we found that cyproheptadine significantly improved the QOL in patients with chronic urticaria as evidenced by the improvements in UAS7, CU-Q₂oL, and DLQI scores. As compared to montelukast, cyproheptadine treatment led to 29.5% higher reduction in the symptom’s severity, 36% reduction in the impact of chronic urticaria on the QOL, and 61.2% higher reduction in the impact of skin diseases on the QOL among patients with chronic urticaria. As a result, individuals experience a reduction in the frequency and severity of hives, leading to improved sleep, decreased anxiety, and an overall enhancement in their QOL. The ability of cyproheptadine to address the troublesome symptoms of chronic urticaria underscores its importance in the management and treatment of this challenging condition, allowing patients to regain control and enjoy a more comfortable and fulfilling daily life. The only adverse effect noted was sedation, which is rather beneficial in patients with chronic urticaria. Cyproheptadine is notable for its ability to stimulate hunger. This feature might benefit patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria who experience weight loss or lack of appetite, either because it is directly due to the disease processes or treatment options in use [25, 26]. Although the evidence supporting the use of cyproheptadine in chronic urticaria is not as extensive as that for second-generation antihistamines, studies have demonstrated promising results, suggesting potential advantages for patients who do not respond to second-generation antihistamines [27–30]. Although first-generation antihistamines may have the potential to benefit, consideration should be given to the sedative side effects of cyproheptadine. Patients should be warned that sleepiness can occur, and they should not engage in cognitive vigilance tasks. Cyproheptadine may be a useful adjuvant or adjunct to second-generation antihistamines in the treatment of refractory chronic urticaria. It is independent because of its bireceptor [histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] dualism, in addition to being an appetite stimulant. However, the use of cyproheptadine should be decided on a case-by-case basis with appropriate patient assessments and potential adverse effects.

Chronic urticaria is a “potentially disabling” affliction that inefficiently managed, might compromise the well-being of patients, highlighting further emphasis on evaluating economic implications. Its goal is to fill an important treatment gap by comparing the therapeutic effect and safety of cyproheptadine and montelukast when added to a second-generation antihistamine. It uses a retrospective design, which means that no intervention takes place and the work only makes use of existing data to help drive discussion on real-world insights. It uses full and validated measurement instruments such as UAS7, CU-Q₂oL, or DLQI to evaluate not only disease severity but also QOL. The statistical analysis is complete, using the correct techniques and SPSS software. Including percentage score reductions and adverse events, results on the effectiveness of treatments were given in great detail.

This study had some limitations. It was a retrospective analysis, based on likely biased medical records, and the lack of randomisation introduces selection bias. It is often difficult to determine the effects of these treatments in isolation without a control group. It is possible that the 4-month follow-up period was insufficient to capture longer-term effects, and adverse event grades are not reported. For example, the analysis may be underpowered to detect differences as a result of its small sample size, and this single-institution study might not reflect results from other practices. To conclude, oral cyproheptadine, along with second-generation antihistamines, was found to be efficacious and safe as compared to montelukast along with second-generation antihistamines in patients with chronic urticaria. However, use of cyproheptadine must be weighed against side effects, especially sedation and increased appetite, that are likely to compromise compliance and everyday functioning. Additional investigation is necessary to determine the most effective dosage schedules and uncover certain characteristics of patients who may experience the greatest advantages from using cyproheptadine for the treatment of chronic urticaria.